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Parasitology > Emerging Protozoa > Flashcards

Emerging Protozoa Flashcards

1
Q

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

A

L. tropica and mexicana

  • central and south america
  • various mammal hosts
  • US: rats, oppossums, armadillos, cats, humans
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2
Q

Visceral leishmaniasis

A

L. infantum

- US: no acquired human cases, established in US foxhounds

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3
Q

Leishmania vector

A

Sand fly

- new and old world

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4
Q

Leishmania life cycle in the sand fly

A

Sand fly ingests amastigotes during blood meal –> amastigotes become promastigotes –> metacyclic promastigotes migrate to proboscis –> enter vertebrae

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5
Q

Leishmania life cycle in the vertebrate host

A

Host bitten by sand fly –> promastigotes are injected –> phagocytized by macrophages –> amastigotes -> divide via binary fission inside macrophages –> lyse macrophage –> invade new cells

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6
Q

Leishmania is _______ in mononuclear phagocytes

A

Systemic

  • skin, bone marrow, visceral organs
  • transplacental
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7
Q

Leishmania infantum

A

Distribution: Europe, Asia, South and Central America, North America

  • host outside US: dog, cat, jackal, fox, horse
  • host in US: dog
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8
Q

L. infantum insect vector

A
  • outside US: sand fly

- inside US: none but identified positive for L. infantum

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9
Q

L. infanum reservoir host

A

Dogs

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10
Q

L. infantum transmission

A

Direct vertical and horizontal transmission routes

  • dog to dog via biting
  • reused needles, venerelly, transfusions, tattoos
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11
Q

Canine leishmaniasis

A

Asymptomatic or clinical

  • facial alopecia, nodular skin lesions
  • weight loss, progressive wasting disease
  • lymphadenopathy
  • conjunctivitis
  • swollen limbs
  • renal failure
  • relapse possible
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12
Q

Canine leishmaniasis - diagnostics

A

Serology: IFA, ELISA
Staining: look for amastigotes
- bone marrow, lymph node aspirates, blood

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13
Q

Canine leishmaniasis - control method

A

Dog to dog transmission
- euthanize
Eliminate sand fly via insecticides
Eliminate asymptomatic host

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14
Q

Infected human population

A
  • immigrants from endemic regions
  • military population
  • travelers
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15
Q

3 forms of human leishmania infection

A
  • cutaneous
  • visceral
  • mucocutaneous
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16
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi - vector

A

Triatomine insect (kissing bug)

17
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi - host

A

Domestic dogs, wildlife, captive animals

18
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi - morphology

A
  • single large mitochondria (kinetoplast)
  • undulating membrane
  • single nucleus
  • either elongate with single flagellum, or rounded with short nonprotruding flagellum
19
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi - life stages

A

Trypomastigote - vertebrate/insect, infectious stage
Epimastigote - insect only
Amastigote - vertebrate, seen in cardiac muscle

20
Q

T. cruzi - life cycle in vector

A

Trypomastigotes ingested by triatomine vector during blood meal –> develop into epimastigotes in the gut –> multiply –> metacyclic trypomastigotes –> exit via feces of triatomine insect

21
Q

T. cruzi - life cycle in host

A

Trypomastigotes enter vertebrate host cell (macrophages, etc) –> amastigotes –> replicate via binary fission –> differentiate into trypomsatigotes –> circulate and invade new cells or lie dormant as amastigotes

22
Q

T. cruzi - route of infection for triatomine insect

A

Ingest trypomastigotes from blood meal from infected vertebrate host

23
Q

T cruzi - route of infection for vertebrate host

A

Trypomastigotes in triatomine feces enter wound/mucosal membrane

  • or host ingests infected triatomine insect
  • transplacental
  • blood
24
Q

T. cruzi distribution

A

Found in south and central america, mexico

- US: southern states

25
Q

T. cruzi in the US

A

Common near shacks, sheds, houses near woods

- behavior differs vs endemic regions: defecate 20 min after feeding (often not on host at that time)

26
Q

T. cruzi - most common vertebrate host

A
  • confirmed: dog, oppossums, rat, armadillos, raccoons, mice, squirrels, fox
  • seropositive: cat, moles, bat, feral hog, bobcat, badger, coyotes, mice
27
Q

T cruzi - reservoir hosts

A

Dog

  • asymptomatic
  • infected directly by insect, ingestion of infected bug or infected animal
28
Q

Chagas disease

A

Usually asymptomatic, clincal chagas in dogs:

  • incubation period of 3 days PI
  • lasts 10-30 days with fever, anorexia, diarrhea, lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, cardiac dysfunction
  • chronic: CHF
  • latent: asymptomatic
  • rare in cats in US
29
Q

T. cruzi - diagnosis in animal host

A 
Blood smear
- typomastigotes
Biopsy/histology
- amastigotes
Culture organisms from blood
Serology
30
Q

T. cruzi - treatment and control

A

Benznidazole - not available in US

- severe side effects

31
Q

T. brucei

A

African sleeping sickness

Parasitology (28 decks)

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