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Parasitology > Ruminant Strongyles > Flashcards

Ruminant Strongyles Flashcards

1
Q

Ruminant strongyle classification

A 
Phylum: Nematoda
Order: Strongylida
Superfamily: Trichostrongyloidea
Family: Trichostrongylidae
- Ostertagia
- Haemonchus
- Trichostrongyles
- Cooperia 
Family: Molineidae
- Nematodirus
Superfamily: Strongyloidea
Family: Chabertiidae
- Oesophagostomum
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2
Q

General Strongyle life cycle

A

DH has PPP of 2-4 weeks
- diagnostic stage: eggs, hatch; L1 emerges –> environment –> 1st molt –> L2 –> 2nd molt –> L3 (parasitic stage) –> 3rd molt –> migration in host –> L4 (4th molt) –> adults –> copulation

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3
Q

Periparturient rise

A

Relaxation of immunity due to increases in prolactin

- rise in nematode egg counts in the feces of lactating ewes or does at weaning

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4
Q

Which species of Trichostrongylidae has the longest PPP?

A

Haemonchus placei

- 23-32 days

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5
Q

Which species of Trichostrongylidae only infects horses?

A

Haemonchus axei

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6
Q

What species of Chabertiidae has the longest PPP?

A

Oesophagostomum radiatum

- 28-41 days

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7
Q

What species of ruminant strongyles lives in the large intestine?

A

Oesophagostomum radiatum

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8
Q

Trichostrongyles

A

Common, high significance

  • primarily ruminants
  • few species in horses and swine
  • parasitic gastroenteritis (PGE) = any GIT problem due to parasites, common name
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9
Q

Parasitic gastroenteritis

A

Subclinical disease has dramatic production losses

  • significant weight loss
  • diarrhea (watery, green)
  • loss of appetite
  • high proportion of animals affected
  • dehydration
  • rough hair coat
  • submandibular edema
  • pale mucous membranes
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10
Q

Arrested larval development (ALD)

A

Hypobiosis

  • larval development stops at a specific stage –> undergo no further growth
  • slow metabolic rate
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11
Q

Influencing factors of hypobiosis

A
  • seasons
  • climate
  • host immune responses
  • overcrowding effects in parasite population
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12
Q

Diagnosis of PGE

A

History: grazing, parasites present, seasonal occurrence

Clinical signs: pathology, fecal egg counts

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13
Q

Control of PGE

A

Consider epidemiology of parasites being targeted

  • biology of parasite populations
  • climate
  • pasture management
  • animal management
  • properties of drug being used
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14
Q

Anthelmintic resistance

A

FDA-approved antiparasitic drugs for sheep and goats

  • huge problem in small ruminant strongyles, emerging problem in cattle
  • detection: fecal egg count reduction test, larval development assays
  • FAMACHA test for anemia
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15
Q

Refuge

A

Susceptible parasite gene pool not exposed to a particular control measure (escapes selection for resistance)

  • pasture
  • untreated animals
  • inhibited larvae
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16
Q

Integrated pest management

A
  • fecal egg count: eggs per gram
  • pasture rest/rotation
  • multi-species grazing
  • increasing grazing height
  • reducing stocking rates
  • resistant breed selection
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17
Q

FAMACHA test

A

Anemia guide

  • allows for fewer anthelmintic treatments
  • monitor fecal egg counts (over dispersal of parasites)
  • done in small ruminants, especially for Haemonchus contortus
  • deworm on individual basis instead of the whole herd
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18
Q

Ostertagia ostertagi

A

Most important one in cattle!!

  • site of adults: abomasum
  • PPP: 18-21 days
  • family: Trichostrongylidae
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19
Q

Ostertagia ostertagi - L3 stage

A

Burrow into gastric glands in pyloric and fundic regions

  • molts 2 more times
  • emerges as immature adults
20
Q

Ostertagia ostertagi - life cycle

A

Adults; no feeding –> eggs in feces (diagnostic stage) –> L1 –> L2 –> L3 (infective stage) –> L3 burrow gastric glands, pyloric/fundic regions –> L4 ALD abomasal glands –> emerge as immature adults

21
Q

Ostertagia ostertagi - pathology

A

PPP: 18-21 days

- can arrest as early L4 stage in abomasal glands

22
Q

Ostertagiosis

A

Type 1
- occurs when recently ingested L3 develop to adulthood without ALD
- young cattle grazing pasture for first time
Type 2
- when arrested larvae synchronously resume development, synchronous emergence from glands weeks or months after infective L3 are ingested
- animals 2-4 years of age

23
Q

Ostertagia commonly arrest when it is ______

A 
Hot outside (March-September) for southern states = large number of adults in fall
October - March in Northern states = large number of adults in summer
24
Q

Ostertagia pathology is associated with _______

A

Larval growth and development

- NOT feeding behavior!!

25
Q

Ostertagiosis - clinical signs

A
  • diarrhea
  • weight loss/emaciation
  • dehydration/thirst
  • hypoproteinemia/submandibular edema
26
Q

Teladorsagia circumcincta

A

Sheep and goats (same as O. ostertagi, just different host)

  • abomasum
  • contributor to PGE
  • diarrhea, poor weight gain/weight loss
  • cool dry conditions
27
Q

Haemonchus - life cycle

A

Eggs in feces (diagnostic) –> L1 –> L2 –> L3 (infective) –> L3 exsheath in rumen –> L3 move to abomasum, near glands –> L4 ALD, emerge immature adults, blood feeders –> molt to adults, blood feeders!!

28
Q

Haemonchus classification

A

Family: Trichostrongylidae

  • H contortus: sheep, goats
  • H placei: cattle
29
Q

Haemonchus - L3 stage

A

Pasture L3 are not resistant to cold!

  • exsheath in rumen
  • move to abomasum near glands
  • molt 2 more times
  • emerge as immature adults
  • blood feeders!
  • can arrest
30
Q

Haemonchosis - clinical signs

A

Hyperacute, acute, chronic

  • anemia
  • skin pallor
  • pale mucous membranes
  • hypoproteinemia and edema (bottle jaw)
  • dark feces
  • death
  • blood feeders as adults and L4s
31
Q

Trichostrongylus spp.

A

Family: Trichostrongylidae

  • T. axei: abomasum in ruminants, stomach in horses
  • T. colubriformis: SI in ruminants
  • asymptomatic, contributor to PGE; ALD
  • massive infections = black scours
32
Q

Which is larger among Trichostrongylus, Ostertagia, or Haemonchus?

A

Haemonchus

33
Q

Cooperia classification

A 
Family: Trichostrongylidae
Cattle
- C. onchophora
- C. punctata
- C. pectinata
Cattle and sheep
- C. sumabada
Sheep and goats
- C. curticei
34
Q

Cooperiosis

A

Small intestine, can arrest (ALD)

  • secondary pathogens
  • weight loss/poor weight gain
  • diarrhea
35
Q

Oesophagostomum classification

A

Family: Chabertiidae
Cattle: Oesophagostomum radiatum
Sheep and goats: O. columbianum

36
Q

Morphology of Oesophagostomum radiatum

A

Cuticular modifications at the anterior end

  • cephalic vesicle
  • cervical vesicle
  • cervical alae
37
Q

Oesophagostomum - life cycle

A

Eggs in feces –> L1 –> L2 –> L3 (infective) –> L3 exsheath in SI mucosa; form nodules –> emerge from tissue to lumen as L4 –> L4 move to colon/cecum; emerge as adults

38
Q

Oesophagostomum pathology

A
  • hemorrhagic or purulent nodules
  • mucus
  • leakage of blood and plasma proteins
  • contributes to PGE: inappetence, weight loss, anemia, diarrhea
39
Q

Diagnosis of ruminant strongyles

A
  • culture and identify L3
  • identify adults at necropsy
  • strongyle type eggs
  • fecal float: ellipsoid, thick shelled, greyish
40
Q

Nematodirus classification

A 
Family: Molineidae
Cattle: N. helvetianus
Sheep:
- N. battus
- N. filicolis
- N. spathiger
Found in temperate regions
41
Q

Nematodirus spp

A 
Pasture larvae
- resistant to drying/freezing
Eggs
- very large
Adults
- cephalic vesicle: bulbous swelling of cuticle at tip of anterior end
42
Q

Nematodirus - life cycle

A

Eggs in feces (diagnostic) –> larvae mature (L1-L3 in egg) –> hatch, extrinsic stimuli –> L3 (infective) –> L3 ingested, penetrate SI mucosa –>L3 –> L4 –> L4 enter lumen of SI –> molt to adults in SI

43
Q

Nematodirus diagnosis

A
  • fecal float
  • eggs: larger than typical “strongyle type”
  • ovoid to football shaped
44
Q

What are the most important/least important cattle strongyles?

A 
Most important
- *Ostertagia ostertagi*
- Cooperia
- Haemonchus placei
- Trichostrongylus axei
Less important
- Oesophagostomum
- Nematodirus
45
Q

What are the most important/least important small ruminant strongyles?

A 
Most important 
- *Haemonchus contortus*
- Trichostrongylus colubriformis
- Teladorsagia circumcinta
- Trichostrongylus axei
Less important
- Cooperia
- Oesophagostomum
- Nematodirus
46
Q

Strategies for managing Haemonchus contortus

A
  • specialized behaviors of goats
  • prefer to browse a variety of plants
  • accompanying physiological adaptations to consumption of secondary compounds contained in browse
  • browsing behavior
  • pasture management
  • bioactive forages
  • identifying and treating individual animals

Parasitology (28 decks)

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