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Parasitology > Diptera > Flashcards

Diptera Flashcards

1
Q

General characteristics

A

True flies

  • 2 winged
  • balancing halteres
  • complex metamorphosis
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2
Q

Importance of diptera

A

Larvae of some species cause myiasis (larval infestation)

- adults of others are blood suckers

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3
Q

What determines if the larvae or adults are parasitic?

A

Mouthparts

  • lapping: adults not parasitic
  • piercing: adults are parasitic, role in disease transmission
  • combo: horsefly
  • nonfunctional: larvae are parasitic
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4
Q

Brachycera

A
  • myiasis flies (bot, blow, fesh, muscid)
  • stable flies
  • horn flies
  • keds
  • horse and deer flies
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5
Q

Nematocera

A
  • mosquitoes
  • biting midges
  • black flies
  • sand flies
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6
Q

Brachycera breed in _______

A

Decaying material

  • 3 larval instars
  • morphology of spiracles
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7
Q

Myiasis

A

Parasitism by fly larvae

  • may be living or necrotic tissue
  • obligate, facultative, accidental
  • GI and cutaneous are common sites (also have urogenital, ocular)
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8
Q

Oestridae

A

Bot flies

  • highly host specific
  • adults non-parasitic
  • aberrant hosts
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9
Q

Gasterophilinae

A

Horse bots

  • G. intestinalis (most common)
  • G. nasalis
  • G. hemorrhoidali (least common)
  • hatching induced by environmental cues, larvae migrate to specific host location
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10
Q

Gasterophilus intestinalis

A
  • eggs: legs, shoulders
  • LI: tongue epithelium, tooth pockets
  • L2: tooth pockets, stomach wall
  • L3: nonglandular portion of stomach
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11
Q

Gasterophilus nasalis

A
  • eggs: intermandibular region

- L3: pylorus and duodenum

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12
Q

Hasterophilus haemorrhoidalis

A
  • eggs: lips

- L3: duodenum and rectum

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13
Q

Can you find L3 stages of horse bots in the stool?

A

No!

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14
Q

Oestrus ovis

A

Sheep bots

  • subclinical infestation
  • fly will deposit first larval stage, not the egg! on the nose of the sheep
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15
Q

Cuterebra

A

Rodent and squirrel bots

  • also infest rabbits, dogs, cats, etc
  • adults lay eggs in host habitat, larvae get onto host fur and enter natural openings, migrate to subq locations
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16
Q

Hypoderma

A

Cattle bots

  • timing of treatment is critical: toxins from dead/dying larvae cause adverse rxns
  • treat immediately after fly activity stops, NOT in winter!
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17
Q

Hypoderma lineatum vs hypoterma bovis

A 
H. lineatum
- eggs in rows on legs
- LI: esophagus
- L2/L3: SQ tissue on back
- late spring/early summer
H. bovis
- eggs: singly on legs
- L1: spinal cord
- L2?L3: SQ tissue on back
- late summer
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18
Q

Calliphoridae

A

Blow flies

  • adults have a metallic color!!
  • lay eggs/larvae in tissue
  • faultative parasites (mostly)
  • -> live tissue (obligatory, primary myiasis)
  • -> dead tissue (facultative) secondary myiasis
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19
Q

Screwworms

A

Primary: Cochilomyia hominivorax (reportable!)
–> eggs immediately infect host, even with intact skin
Secondary: Chocliomyia macellaria
–> more common in US, will land on necrotic tissue

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20
Q

Sarcophagidae

A

Flesh flies

  • larger than house flies
  • eggs laid in carrion, feces, wounds
  • cause facultative myiasis
  • useful in forensic entomology
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21
Q

Muscidae

A

Musca domestica: house fly

  • adults are nuisance
  • pathogen transmission via mechanical (bacteria) or biological (nematodes)
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22
Q

Musca autumnalis

A

Face fly

  • cattle, horses
  • feed on ocular, nasal discharge
  • pathogen transmission
  • -> nematode Thelazia
  • larvae rarely associated with cutaneous myiasis
23
Q

Cutaneous myiasis

A

Larval infestation from blow flies, flesh flies, rarely muscid flies

  • foul smelling, depressed or restless, decreased weight gain
  • severe infestations are fatal
24
Q

Muscidae are muscid flies that are _______ as adults

A

Blood feeders!

- both male and female are blood feeder

25
Q

Stomoxys vs Haematobia

A 
Stomoxy (stable flies)
- quick feeder, house fly with proboscis
- nuisance, decrease ADG
- breed in manure w/feed
Haematobia (horn flies)
- slow feeder
- house fly
- less ADG
- breed in manure only
26
Q

Stomoxys calcitrans

A

Non-myiasis muscid fly

  • dairy cattle, dogs, horses, humans
  • biological vector for nematode and other pathogens
27
Q

Haematobia irritans

A

Non-myiasis muscid fly

  • beef cattle, horses
  • biological vector for nematode
28
Q

Control for muscidae

A
  • sanitation
  • regular spraying of premises
  • fly baits, resin, strips, ear tags, UV traps
29
Q

Keds

A

Hoppoboscidae (louse flies)

  • non host specific
  • dorsoventrally flattened
  • piercing/sucking mouthparts
  • larvae stay in female abdomen until ready to pupate
30
Q

Melophagus ovinus

A

Transfer via direct contact

  • entire life cycle on host
  • Trypanosoma melophagium (sheep is a reservoir)
31
Q

Lipoptena cervi

A

Wings break off (resemble lice)

32
Q

Tabanidae

A

Horseflies and deerflies

  • stout-bodied, vary in size
  • only adult females require blood meal
  • eggs glued to vegetation overhanging water –> L3 carnivorous
33
Q

Greenheads

A

Tabanus spp. (horse flies)

34
Q

Chrysops

A

Deer flies

  • larger than house fly
  • banded wings
  • larvae feed on organic matter is soil
35
Q

Nematocera

A

Delicate flies

  • segmented antennae
  • semi-aquatic to aquatic breeding sites
  • only adult females are blood feeders!
  • serve as vectors
36
Q

Culicidae

A

Mosquitoes

  • long antennae
  • eggs laid on soil or water
  • -> 4 larval instars, pupae require water, are motile
37
Q

Veterinary importance of mosquitoes

A 
Direct disease
- nuisance, allergies
- blood loss
Indirect disease: vectors
- nematodes, protozans, viruses
Medical importance: #1 vector of human importance
38
Q

What do mosquitoes feed upon

A

Nearly any animal that is not aquatic

  • serve as food for fish, tadpoles, bats
  • adults contribute to pollination
39
Q

Culicidae life cycle

A

Complete in 4 days to >1 month
- eggs laid in area that will become wet or on existing wet surface –> larvae wigglers have siphon to take in air –> non feeding pupa also use siphon –> adult emerges from pupa

40
Q

Standing water breeders

A
  • eggs need water
  • Anopheles quadrimaculatus (common malaria mosquito)
  • Culex quinquefasciatus (southern house mosquito)
41
Q

Floodwater mosquitoes

A

Eggs in moist soil or artificial containers

  • hatch in rain or flood
  • Aedes vexans (inland floodwater)
  • Aedes sollicitans (eastern saltmarsh)
42
Q

Anopheles quadrimaculatus

A

Most common in eastern US

  • feed on big mammals
  • vector for agents of malaria, heartworm!
43
Q

Which species of Culicidae are native to US?

A

Culex quinquefasciatus (southern states)
- heartworm, encephalitis
Aedes vexans
- heartworm, encephalitis

44
Q

Which species of Culicidae are introduced to US?

A 
Aedes aegypti
- Africa native
- Yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya
Aedes albopictus
- Asia native
- yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya
45
Q

Culicidae integrated pest management

A
  • biological
  • mechanical: drain swamps, bed nets
  • chemical: larvicides, adulticides, repellants
  • green nanotechnology
46
Q

Biting midges

A

Ceratopogonidae

  • Culicoides spp
  • short flight range, active at dawn and dusk
  • painful bites!
47
Q

Biting midges as vectors

A 
Viruses
- bluetongue
- epizootic hemorrhagic disease
Nematodes
- Onchocercea
Protozoa
- Avain hemosporidians
- Haemoproteus, Leucocytozoon
48
Q

Black flies

A

Simulium

  • small, stout bodied, hump on thorax, short antennae
  • breed only in running water
  • daytime biters
49
Q

Black flies as vectors

A 
Viruses
- vesicular stomatitis
Nematodes
- Onchocerca
Protozoa
- Leucocytozoon
50
Q

Sand flies

A

Psychodidae

  • Lutzomyia spp
  • small dull colored (hairy furry)
  • nocturnal, rest in moist places in the day
  • short lived adults, weak fliers
51
Q

Sand flies as vectors

A

Viruses
- vesticular stomatitis
Protozoa
- Leishmania

52
Q

Reduviid bugs

A

Kissing bugs

- vector: Trypanosoma cruzi

53
Q

Bed bugs

A

Increasing population

  • disease transmission not confirmed
  • exsanguination in chickens

Parasitology (28 decks)

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