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Parasitology > Protozoa > Flashcards

Protozoa Flashcards

1
Q

What protozoa causes coccidiosis in chickens and other hosts?

A

Eimeria spp.

- reason why commercial chickens are on a coccidiostatic

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2
Q

What 4 protozoans cause reproductive failure in various hosts?

A
  • Toxoplasma gondii
  • Tritrichomonas foetus
  • Neospora caninum
  • Sarcocystis cruzi
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3
Q

What 2 protozoans cause CNS disease?

A
  • Toxoplasma gondii

- Sarcocystis neurona

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4
Q

What 7 protozoans have zoonotic potential?

A
  • Babesia
  • Balantidium
  • Cryptosporidium
  • Leishmania
  • Giardia duodenalis
  • Toxoplasma gondii
  • Trypanosoma
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5
Q

General protozoan characteristics

A
  • unicellular/multicellular stages
  • eukaryotes with organelles
  • aqueous/moist environment to feed and reproduce (many have a cyst stage)
  • life cycles vary
  • reproduction includes sexual and asexual stages
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6
Q

Identification is based on morphology of

A
  • unique organelles, nucleus number/shape/size
  • tissue cyst
  • motile stages
  • stages in RBC
  • oocyst morphology
  • gross lesions
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7
Q

What 3 protozoans have blood stages?

A
  • Plasmodium
  • Leucocytozoon
  • Babesia
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8
Q

What is the causative agent of blackhead in turkeys?

A

Histomonas meleagridis

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9
Q

Giardia has _________ distribution

A

Worldwide geographical distribution

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10
Q

What is the most common flagellate of birds/mammals/reptiles/amphibians?

A

Giardia

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11
Q

Does Giardia have a direct or indirect life cycle?

A

Direct

- stages: trophozoite and fecal cyst

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12
Q

What type of reproduction does Giardia undergo?

A

Asexual

- binary fission

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13
Q

Infective stage of Giardia

A

Cyst stage in feces that can survive for months

- gets passed on in environment thru infected water/food or contaminated predator/prey

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14
Q

Routes of infection for Giardia

A
  • fecal oral

- carnivorism

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15
Q

Is Giardia intracellular?

A

No

- just lays on intestinal villi

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16
Q

Giardia sites of infection

A

Small intestine
- trophozoites in small intestine (rarely in large intestine)

Trophozoites encyst in large intestine –> cyst stage excreted in feces

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17
Q

Animals infected with Giardia are __________

A

Intermittent shedders

- need 3 consecutive samples across 3 days to detect

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18
Q

Trophozoites

A
  • size: 4-10 micrometers
  • 2 nuclei
  • flagellated
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19
Q

Giardia trophozoite diagnostic stages/techniques

A

Need a fresh sample from diarrhea!

  • direct smear: look for motile trophozoites
  • Lugol’s iodine stain
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20
Q

Fecal cysts

A
  • size: 4-10 micrometers

- 4 nuclei, no flagella

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21
Q

Giardia fecal cyst diagnostic techniques

A 
Flotation
- zinc sulfate or Sheather's solution (collapses cyst)
- antigen test (snap test)
- direct FA test
PCR
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22
Q

Giardia pathology dog/cat

A
  • diarrhea, often intermittent
  • affects young animals
  • malabsorption, weight loss
  • mucus, fluid in SI
  • associated with concurrent infections
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23
Q

Giardia pathology ruminants

A

Primarily assemblage E!!

  • high prevalence worldwide
  • young most susceptible to acute infections
  • chronic diarrhea, high morbidity
  • adults chronically infected, reinfected
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24
Q

Giardia in humans is associated with

A
  • Irritable bowel syndrome
  • Chronic wasting
  • Failure to thrive syndrome
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25
Q

G. duodenalis assemblages _____ infect humans, livestock, dogs, cats, wildlife

A

A/B

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26
Q

Giardia cysts are ______ infective

A

Immediately

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27
Q

Epidemiological factors

A
  • water and food borne, mechanical/transport hosts
  • population density, poor hygiene = potential for fecal contamination
  • age/passive immunity - colostrum
  • host specificity/reservoir hosts
28
Q

Who is the reservior host for Histomonas meleagridis?

A

Chickens

- not pathogenic for chickens, but are a source of infection for turkeys

29
Q

Histomonas meleagridis definitive host

A

Turkeys, chickens, pheasants, guinea fowl

30
Q

H. meleagridis primary sites of infection

A

Liver and ceca

31
Q

H. meleagridis life cycle

A

Direct

  • Heterakis gallinarum (cecal nematode) eggs are required as a transport host
  • Heterakis eggs are long lived in the environment, can survive for months
  • H. gallinarum eggs are transported into bird host
32
Q

H. meleagridis infective stage

A

Motile trophozoites

- found in H. gallinarum eggs

33
Q

H. meleagridis route of infection

A

Ingestion of infected embryonated H. gallinarum eggs

34
Q

H. meleagridis alternate route of infection

A

Paratenic host

- bird to bird transmission via cloacal drinking

35
Q

Once H. gallinarum egg is ingested …

A

Egg hatches and H. meleagridis is released into intestine –> systemic via blood vessels –> liver, ceca (where trophozoites undergo binary fission)
In the ceca: H. meleagridis infects Heterakis gallinarum female and is incorporated into nematode eggs

36
Q

Blackhead

A

Lethargy, stilted gate, cyanosis occurs 7-12 days post infection
- mortality 17 days post infection

37
Q

H. meleagridis lesions

A

Liver: circular depressions of necrosis, enlarged
Ceca: cecal core, ulceration –> perforation –> peritonitis

38
Q

H. meleagridis is more pathogenic with _______

A

Concurrent infections

  • C. perfringens
  • E. coli
  • Eimeria tenella
39
Q

H. meleagridis diagnosis

A
  • clinical signs
  • cultivation is difficult
  • pathology/histology: lesions in liver/ceca
40
Q

What are the 3 rule outs for H. meleagridis?

A
  • Eimeria tenella
  • Salmonella
  • E. coli
41
Q

H. meleagridis treatment

A
  • no approved drugs
  • control of Heterakis gallinarum
  • avoid co-habitation of bird species, problem with free range birds
42
Q

General trichomonad characteristics

A

Trophozoite

  • 3-5 anterior flagella
  • undulating membrane (motility)
  • axostyle
  • single nucleus
  • no cyst stage
  • 4-30 micrometers
  • *do not have a cyst stage!**
43
Q

Most trichomonad species are not _______

A

Pathogenic

- intestinal/high numbers

44
Q

Tritrichomonas foetus

A

Infect cattle worldwide

  • endemic in free-ranging herds
  • causes trichomonad abortions, trichomonosis
45
Q

T. foetus location in host

A
  • female: repro tract (vagina/uterus)
  • male: penis sheath, seminal vesicles, testicles
  • fetus: fluids from abortion, stomach
46
Q

Bulls are considered to be carriers ______ once a diagnosis is made

A

For life

  • young bulls: less likely to transmit
  • bulls over 3 yrs are greater risk due to higher surface area
47
Q

Tritrichomonas life cycle

A

Flagellated trophozoites introduced during sex –> trophozoites reproduce asexually in repro tract (binary fission) –> mature trophozoites in 14-20 days post-infection

  • direct life cycle
  • *no cyst stage**
48
Q

Tritrichomonas foetus clinical signs

A

Males: asymptomatic
Females: infertility, vaginitis, cervicitis, chronic vaginal inflammation
Fetus: aborted within 16 weeks

49
Q

Tritrichomonas diagnostic stage

A

Trophozoite

  • motile, flagellated, undulating membrane, 3 anterior flagella
  • presence on wet mounts
  • sample from repro tract on saline
  • culture: in pouch TF system
  • combine: culture, PCR, wet mounts
50
Q

Tritrichomonas - treatment/control

A

No approved drugs
Control
- test before introduction of bull/cows
- AI
- test bulls annually –> neg bull requires 6 consecutive negs or 3 negs over several weeks
- cull positive cows and vaccinate females

51
Q

Tritrichomonas blagburni (foetus)

A

Feline trichomoniasis

  • intestinal trichomoniasis in cats (large intestine)
  • blagburni and foetus are genetically distinct
52
Q

Tritrichomonas blagburni transmission

A

Trophozoites transmitted via fecal/oral route

  • binary fission in large intestine
  • young, pure-bred show cats, and group housed cats at greater risk
53
Q

T. blagburni and T. foetus cross transmission studies

A
  • cattle isolate in cats = low infection, less pathology

- cat isolate in cattle = less pathology

54
Q

T. blagburni pathogenesis

A

Large bowel inflammation

  • “large bowel disease”
  • chronic diarrhea (relapses)
  • hemorrhagic, muccoid stool
55
Q

T. blagburni diagnosis

A

History of diarrhea

  • -> FIV, corona virus, FeLV, cryptosporidium, giardia
  • motile trichomonads in feces
  • culture (in pouch), PCR
56
Q

What are 2 rule outs for Tritrichomonas blagburni?

A
  • giardia

- pentatrichomonas hominis

57
Q

Feline tritrichomoniasis treatment/control

A

Unsuccessful treatments

Control: isolation of cats, repeat testing

58
Q

T. blagburni transmission

A

Cat to cat

- grooming, litter boxes, feed, water

59
Q

Tritrichomonas foetus other hosts

A 
Swine
- site: stomach, colon, nose
- no pathology
Dogs
- site: large intestine
- pathology: diarrhea
Humans
- one case
60
Q

Trichomonas gallinae

A

Infects wide range of avians

- located in upper GIT, extraintestinal

61
Q

T. gallinae trophozoite

A
  • 4 anterior flagella
  • undulating membrane, axostyle
  • single nucleus
  • no cyst stage
62
Q

Trichomonas gallinae life cycle

A

Trophozoites introduced orally –> divide via binary fission –> passed to next host orally

63
Q

T. gallinae routes of infection

A
  • mother to offspring via regurgitation
  • water/feed contamination
  • predator/prey
  • courtship
  • pigeons may be reservoir hosts
64
Q

Trichomonas gallinae pathology

A

“Canker”, roup, frounce, trichomoniasis

  • upper GIT –> invade mucosal surface
  • caseous lesions
  • secondary infection
  • strain differences
65
Q

T. gallinae diagnosis

A
  • gross lesion
  • direct smear
  • histopathology

Parasitology (28 decks)

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