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Parasitology > Spirurids & Oxyurids > Flashcards

Spirurids & Oxyurids Flashcards

1
Q

Spirurid and Oxyurid classification

A 
Phylum: Nematoda
Order: Spirurida
- Physaloptera: felids/canids
- Dracunculus insignis: raccoons/minks/felids/canids
- Draschia: equids
- Habronema: equids
- Spirocerca lupi: felid/canid
Order: Oxyurida
- Oxyuris equi: equids
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2
Q

Spirurida - morphology

A
  • tight spirally coiled tail of male
  • most have 2 lateral lips (pseudolabia)
  • esophagus divided into anterior muscular and posterior glandular portion
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3
Q

Spirurida distribution

A

Worldwide

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4
Q

Physaloptera spp

A

Stomach worm

  • common in midwestern US in dogs and cats
  • especially animals with outdoor access/history of prey consumption
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5
Q

Physaloptera life cycle

A

DH: canids and felids (wild carnivorous mammals)
IH: beetles, cockroaches, crickets (L1 hatches –> L2 –> L3 infective)
PH: amphibians, reptiles, mammals (ingests IH first)
- PPP 41-83 days
- larvated eggs in feces –> DH ingests PH or IH with infective L3 –> L3 attach to stomach wall –> L4 stomach –> adults stomach!

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6
Q

What are the diagnostic stages of Physaloptera?

A

Adult worms, L1 and eggs

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7
Q

Physaloptera pathogenesis

A

Adults

  • attach to mucosa
  • feed on blood and mucus
  • ulceration
  • catarrhal gastritis
  • hemorrhage
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8
Q

Physaloptera clinical signs

A 
Asymptomatic
GI
- chronic vomiting
- secondary to gastritis
- esophagitis
- regurgitation
Systemic (uncommon)
- anorexia
- weight loss
- lethargy
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9
Q

Physaloptera diagnosis - adults

A

Endoscopy, vomitus

  • differentiation from ascarids!
  • ascarid found in stomach at necropsy (free)
  • physaloptera (uncommon), head embedded in mucosa (attached), prominent collar like cephalic alae
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10
Q

Physaloptera diagnosis - eggs

A

Not usually found on fecal float!!

- fecal sedimentation: SG >1.2, smooth, thick shell, larvated, easy to miss (clear, oval, small)

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11
Q

Physaloptera treatment and control

A

Effective treatment difficult

  • limit opportunities for ingestion of insect intermediate host
  • requires repeated courses of anthelmintics to be effective
  • removal of nematodes by endoscopy is curative as long as they are all removed
  • immature adults are overlooked
  • use anthelmintics after endoscopy
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12
Q

What products are approved for Physaloptera?

A 
No products approved!
Off label: 
- fenbendazole
- mebendazole
- pyrantel pamoate (tx of choice!)
- ivermectin 
Monthly parasite control products with efficacy against intestinal parasites (macrocyclic lactones) 
- variable efficacy, limits infections and subsequent clinical disease
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13
Q

Dracunculus insignis

A

Infections are rare

  • distributed in North America
  • occasionally found in animals that have been around small lakes and bodies of shallow, stagnant water
  • cannot be seen with naked eye
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14
Q

Dracunculus insignis - life cycle

A 
DH: raccoons, mink, canids, felid (rare)
IH: copepods (water fleas)
PH: frogs
- PPP: 200 days
- L1 released into water, males die!
- DH ingests PH or IH with infective L3 (in water) --> L3 goes to thoracic and abdominal muscles --> L3 subq tissues (by 43 days) --> L4 subq tissues --> adult subq tissues
- females subq extremities
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15
Q

Dracunculus insignis pathology and clinical signs

A
  • pyogranulomatous inflammation

- chronic nodules or abscesses (large, primary location in limbs/abdomen)

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16
Q

How to tell apart male/female D. insignis

A

Females are much larger, males are small and usually found dead

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17
Q

Dracunculus insignis - diagnosis

A 
L1
- impression smear from lesion/discharge
- complete digestive tract
- prominent, long, pointed tail 
Adults
- remove adult females from nodule
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18
Q

Dracunculus insignis - treatment and control

A

No effective anthelmintic

- surgical removal and treatment of abscess

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19
Q

Draschia and Habronema - hosts

A

DH: equids
IH: Musca domestica (house flies, not a blood feeder), Stomoxys calcitrans (stable flies, blood feeder)

20
Q

Draschia and Habronema - distribution

A

Worldwide

- in US, house fly is most important!

21
Q

Draschia and Habronema - life cycle

A

DH: equid (PPP 2 months)
- L1 +/- eggs in feces –> L3 transferred to DH –> DH ingests IH with infective L3 –> L3 to stomach –> L4 in stomach –> adults in stomach –> eggs hatch in GIT
IH: flies (1 week)
- L1 ingested by fly larvae –> LI to infective L3 in fly –> adult fly feeds on DH –> infective L3 migrate to head of fly –> fly feeds on horse (muzzle, eye, lip) –> L3 transferred to DH –> horse licks and ingests infective L3 or ingest fly –> no blood meal!!!

22
Q

Draschia and Habronema - pathogenesis

A

Tumor like lesions near margo plicatus

- fibrous nodules filled with pus like material in which the worms live

23
Q

What is the difference in the location of adult worms of Draschia and Habronema?

A

Draschia: found in tumors close to margo plicatus
Habronema: in glandular portion

24
Q

Draschia and Habronema - clinical signs

A 
Adults (usually asymptomatic)
- gastritis
- perforation
- peritonitis
Larvae
- granulomatous lesions
- cutaneous (summer sores)
- both Draschia and Habronema
25
Q

Draschia and Habronema - diagnosis

A 
Eggs
- not fecal float! (fragile, hard to float, hard to find)
- PCR of feces to differentiate species
Larvae
- lesions
Adults
- necropsy
26
Q

Draschia and Habronema - treatment and control

A
  • ivermectin
  • moxidectin
  • infection: rare, surgery
27
Q

Can you tell Draschia and Habronema larvaed eggs in horse feces apart?

A

No

  • after larvated eggs pass in feces, they are ingested by fly larvae where they develop into infective L3
  • flies then deposit L3 around lips of horses
  • larvae migrate to mouth and then to stomach
28
Q

Spirocerca lupi are the _____ worm

A

Esophageal

29
Q

Spirocerca lupi - hosts

A

DH: dogs, cats (PPP 4-6 months)
IH: coprophagous beetle
PH: mammals, birds, lizards, toads

30
Q

Spirocerca lupi - life cycle

A

Larvated eggs in feces –> DH ingests PH or IH with infective L3 –> L3 penetrates gastric wall –> L3 walls of gastroepiploic and gastric aa –> celiac artery –> thoracic aorta –> L4 –> adults –> adults migrate to CT and are found in nodules in esophageal wall, stomach
IH: ingests L1 in egg –> L1 –> L2 –> L3 (infective)
PH: PH ingests IH with infective L3

31
Q

Spirocerca lupi distribution

A

Worldwide

  • warmer climates
  • tropical, subtropical
32
Q

Spirocerca lupi - pathogenesis

A

Larval migration and adults

  • aortic aneurysms
  • thrombosis
  • esophagus (granulomas, sarcomas)
33
Q

Spirocerca lupi - pathogenesis

A

Nodules/granulomas
- form around worms in esophagus
Sarcoma
- worms in wall of esophagus

34
Q

Spirocerca lupi - clinical signs

A
  • esophageal dysphagia
  • vomiting
  • esophageal neoplasia
  • aortic aneurysm or rupture
  • thickening of long bones (hypertrophic osteopathy)
  • spirocercosis with associated neoplasia
35
Q

Spirocerca lupi - diagnosis

A 
Eggs
- fecal float (NaNO3)
- vomitus (thick shelled, larvated)
Adults
- vomitus, necropsy
36
Q

Spirocerca lupi - treatment and control

A 
Off label
- doramectin
- ivermectin
- milbemycin oxime
Surgery
37
Q

Oxyuris equi common name

A

Pinworms

- non bursate!

38
Q

Oxyuris equi - life cycle

A

Eggs L1 –> L2 –> L3 in egg (4-5 days) –> cement dries/cracks, eggs fall off or are rubbed off –> L3 in egg (infective) ingested by DH –> L3 hatch in SI, feed on intestinal mucosa –> 3rd molt in mucosal crypt –> L4 in ventral colon –> 4th molt in dorsal colon –> adults in dorsal colon, feed on gut contents –> only female moves to anus!! –> female lays eggs in gelatinous substance, cement under tail

39
Q

Oxyuris equi IH and PH

A

Does not exist!!

40
Q

Oxyuris equi - pathogenesis

A

Egg laying females

  • primary importance in pathology
  • travel to rectum
  • females extrude thru the host’s anus
  • lay eggs on perineum in clumps contained in gelatinous material
  • inflammation of cecum, colon
41
Q

Oxyuris equi - L4 pathogenesis

A

L4 has large buccal cavity

  • attach to intestinal mucosa
  • feed by ingesting plugs
  • mucosal erosions = little pathology
42
Q

Oxyuris equi - adult pathogenesis

A

Free in intestinal lumen

  • feed on gut contents
  • no pathology
43
Q

Oxyuris equi - local clinical signs

A
  • perineal irritation
  • inflammation
  • intense anal and perineal pruritus
  • ulceration
  • rubbing
  • scratching
  • broken hairs
  • alopecia
  • poor hair coat
44
Q

Oxyuris equi - systemic clinical signs

A
  • restless

- anorexia

45
Q

Oxyuris equi - diagnosis

A

Scotch tape method

  • operculated (terminal plug)
  • ovoid
  • yellowish
  • thick shelled
  • flattened on one side
46
Q

Oxyuris equi - treatment and control

A

Some approved anthelmintics
Management
- strict hygiene (wash perineal region every 4 days)
- avoid fecal contamination (food, water, utensils)

Parasitology (28 decks)

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