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Endocrinology > Thyroid Physiology > Flashcards

Thyroid Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Are T3/T4 hytrophobic or philic?

A

hydrophobic, so bind to plasma proteins

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2
Q

What is the biologically active form in plasma protein binding?

A

unbound

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3
Q

Which, T3 or T4 is more avidly bound by Thyroid binding globulins?

A

T4

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4
Q

What is measured at Ninewells, bound or free T4/T3?

A

free

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5
Q

Increased Thyroid binding globulins leads to what happenening to T4?

A

increases total T4 but not free T4

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6
Q

Decreased Thyroid binding globulins leads to what happenening to T4??

A

decreases total T4 but not free T4

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7
Q

Name some conditions where there is increased TBG?

A 
pregnancy
newborn state
Hep A
Chronic active hepatitis
Biliary cirrhosis
Acute intermittent porphyria
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8
Q

Name some conditions where there is decreased TBG?

A

androgens
large doses of glucocorticoids, Cushings
Chronic liver disease
Nephrotic syndrome

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9
Q

List 5 thyroid hormone effects related to metabolism.

A 
BMR
Thermogenesis
Carbohydrate metabolism
lipid metabolism
protein metabolism
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10
Q

What effect do thyroid hormones have on growth and development?

A

Growth hormones requires thyroid hormones
Development of foetal and neonatal brain - myelinogenesis and axonal growth
Maintains normal CNS

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11
Q

What is permissive sympathomimetic action?

A

Thyroid hormones increase responsiveness to adrenaline and sympathetic NS neurotransmitter, noradrenaline, by increasing numbers of receptors
also causes cardiovascular responsiveness

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12
Q

What is used to treat symptoms in initial stages on therapy for hyperthyroidism due to increased cardiovascular responsiveness?

A

propranolol

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13
Q

What causes TSH to be released from the anterior pituitary?

A

TRH

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14
Q

What causes T3 and T4 to be released from the thyroid gland?

A

TSH

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15
Q

What exert negative feedback control of release of TRH and TSH?

A

T3 and t4

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16
Q

In babies and young children, exposure to cold environments stimulates what?

A

TRH release, so TSH and then T3 and T4

17
Q

What does stress do to TRH and TSH release?

A

inhibits

18
Q

What is circadian rhythm?

A

thyroid hormones highest late at night, lowest in morning

19
Q

Which type of gland failure, primary or secondary, may be associated with an enlarged goiter?

A

primary

20
Q

If hypothyroidism is secondary to TRH or TSH, is there a goiter?

A

no

21
Q

May hypothyroidism caused by iodine deficiency be associated with a goiter?

A

Yes

22
Q

Give 5 symptoms of hypothyroidism.

A

reduced BMR, slow pulse rate, fatigue, cold intolerance, tendency to put on weight easily

23
Q

What sign is seen in adults with hypothyroidism?

A

myxoedema (puffy face, hands and feet)

24
Q

What sign may be seen in babies with hypothyroidism?

A

cretinism (dwarfism and limited mental function)

25
Q

Is hyperthyroidism autoimmune?

A

yes

26
Q

What happens in Hyperthryoidism?

A

TSI acts like TSH but unchecked by T3 and T4

27
Q

What sign is seen on eyes and why in hyperthyroidism?

A

exophthalmos - bulging eyes due to water retaining carbohydrate build up behind eyes

28
Q

List the symptoms of hyperthyroidism.

A 
increased BMR
very fast pulse rate
increased nervousness/emotional
insomnia
sweating and heat intolerance
tendency to lose weight easily
29
Q

What is T4?

A

thyroxine

30
Q

What is tri-iosinothyronine?

A

T3

31
Q

Where is TRH released from?

A

hypothalamus

32
Q

Where is TSH released from?

A

anterior pituitary

33
Q

What is iodine taken up by?

A

follicle cells

34
Q

Which is more potent, T4 or T3?

A

T3

35
Q

Where is T4 converted into T3?

A

liver and kidney

36
Q

What is the major biologically active thyroid hormone?

A

T3

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