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Endocrinology > Pathology of Thyroid > Flashcards

Pathology of Thyroid Flashcards

1
Q

What is the thyroid composed of, and what is each of these surrounded by?

A

Composed of follicles. Each follicle surrounded by flat to cuboidal follicular epithelial cells.

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2
Q

What is found within the centre of each follicle?

A

dense amorphic pink material containing thyroglobulin

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3
Q

What are C cells? What do they secrete?

A

(parafollicular cells). Slightly larger cells with clearer cytoplasm. Secrete calcitonin

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4
Q

What does TSH bind to?

A

TSH receptor on surface of thyroid epithelial cells.

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5
Q

What does cAMP do?

A

cAMP increases production and release of T3 and T4

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6
Q

Do T3 and 4 circulate in bound or free forms?

A

both

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7
Q

What occurs as a result of excess T3 and T4?

A

hyperthyroidism

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8
Q

What are 85% of hyperthyroidisms due to?

A

Grave’s Disease

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9
Q

Is hashimotos thyroiditis related to hypo or hyperfunction of the thyroid?

A

hypo

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10
Q

What type of condition are Hashimoto’s

Thyroiditis and Grave’s disease?

A

autoimmune

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11
Q

Descriebe the triad of features in Grave’s disease.

A

Hyperthyroidism with diffuse enlargement of the thyroid
Eye changes (exophthalmos)
Pretibial myxoedema.

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12
Q

Why do eye changes occur in Grave’s Disease?

A

The eye changes result from fibroblasts etc expressing TSH receptors

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13
Q

Who does Hashimotos commonly affect?

A

Affects middle aged women

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14
Q

Which genes is Hashimoto’s associated with?

A

Associated with HLA – DR3 and DR5

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15
Q

Can iodine deficiency cause hyper or hypothyroidism?

A

hypo

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16
Q

Is hypothyroidism often a result of secondary (pituitary) or tertiary (hypothalamic) pathology?

A

no, rarely

17
Q

What may mediate destruction of thyroid epithelium?

A

CD8 +ve cells

18
Q

What may hashimoto’s be preceded by?

A

by transient hyperfunction (Hashitoxicosis)

19
Q

What causes a goitre?

A

Reduced T3 / T4 production causes rise in TSH, stimulating gland enlargement

20
Q

If a goitre is present, can you maintain euthyroid state?

A

Yes (If compensation fails have goitrous hypothyroidism

)

21
Q

What are the most common type of thyroid carcinomas?

A

papillary (75%)

22
Q

What are adenomas encapsulated by?

A

a surrounding collagen cuff

23
Q

What are thyroid adenomas composed of?

A

neoplastic thyroid follicles i.e. Follicular Adenoma

24
Q

Are adenomas usually functional or non functional?

A

non-functional

25
Q

Can adenomas secrete thyroid hormones?

A

yes (thyrotoxicosis)

26
Q

When do thyroid carcinomas usually occur?

A

early adulthood

27
Q

What type of carcinoma is ionising radiation related to?

A

papillary carcinoma

28
Q

What type of carcinoma is iodine deficiency related to?

A

follicular

29
Q

Which type of carcinoma has Associated Amyloid deposition?

A

medullary

30
Q

What are medullary carcinomas composed of?

A

spindle or polygonal cells arranged in nests, trabeculae or follicles

31
Q

Which type of thyroid carcinoma involves rapid growth and involvement of neck structures and death?

A

anaplastic

32
Q

Which type of carcinoma, papillary of follicular, is more difficult to identify in thyroid cytology?

A

follicular

33
Q

There are 4 parathyroid glands, but how many people only have 2 or 3?

A

10%

34
Q

What are parathyroid glands composed of and supported by?

A

chief cells, supported by oxyphil cells

35
Q

Does parathyroid hyperplasia involve all glands?

A

Yes

36
Q

Does parathyroid adenoma involve all glands?

A

No, normally 1

37
Q

What sort of mental state can be caused by hypoparathyroidism?

A

Emotional lability, anxiety, depression, confusion, psychosis

38
Q

What can cause Dental abnormalities if hypocalcaemia during development?

A

hypoparathyroidism

Endocrinology (25 decks)

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