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Endocrinology > Clinical Descriptions in Endocrine > Flashcards

Clinical Descriptions in Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Most common cause of adrenal insufficiency

A

Addison’s disease

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2
Q

autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex

A

Addison’s disease

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3
Q

What is Addison’s disease associated with?

A

pernicious anaemia
Type 1 DM
Autoimmune thyroid disease

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4
Q

Lack of CRH/ACTH caused yb pituitary/hypothalmic disease or exogenous steroid use

A

secondary adrenal insufficiency

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5
Q

Disorder of excess cortisol secretion with high mortality, most common in women aged 20-40

A

Cushing’s syndrome

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6
Q

Most common cause of Cushing’s?

A

iatrogenic

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7
Q

Autonomous production of aldosterone independent of its regulators (angiotensin II and potassium)

A

Primary aldosteronism

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8
Q

Commonest secondary cause of hypertension?

A

Primary aldosteronism

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9
Q

What are the subtypes of Primary aldosteronism?

A 
Adrenal adenoma (Conn's syndrome)
Bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (most common cause)
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10
Q

Are genetic mutations and unilateral hyperplasia common causes of Primary aldosteronism?

A

no, rare causes

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11
Q

Rare condition associated with enzyme defects in the steroid pathway, commonest is 21a hydroxylase deficiency

A

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

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12
Q

Rare tumours of the adrenal medulla

Curable form of hypertension, but can be potentially fatal

A

Phaeochromocytoma

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13
Q

Phaeochromocytoma is associated with what?

A 
Von-hippel-lindau syndrome
Multiple endocrine neoplasia II
Succinate dehydrogenase mutations
Neurofibromatosis
Tuberose Sclerosis
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14
Q

Phaeochromocytoma is associated with what?

A 
Von-hippel-lindau syndrome
Multiple endocrine neoplasia II
Succinate dehydrogenase mutations
Neurofibromatosis
Tuberose Sclerosis
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15
Q

activation mutation in tyrosine kinase receptors

A

Multiple endocrine neoplasia II

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16
Q

Mutation in HIF 1-alpha, range of vascular tumours

A

Von-hippel-lindau syndrome

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17
Q

Most common cause of hypothyroidism in the western world

A

Hashimotos Thyroiditis

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18
Q

goitrous hypothyroidism which can be caused by drugs such as amiodarone

A

Iodine deficiency

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19
Q

Is congenital developmental defect hypothyroidism goitrous?

A

no

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20
Q

Typically affects elderly women with long standing but frequently unrecognized/untreated hypothyroidism
high mortality

A

myxoedmea coma

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21
Q

Autoimmune cause of hyperthyroidism

A

Grave’s

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22
Q

Hyperthyroidism in older patients, more insidious onset, glands may feel nodular

A

multinodular goitre

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23
Q

hyperthyroidism most common in females, may be virally triggered, associated with sore throat/fever etc

A

sub-acute thyroiditis/De Quervians

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24
Q

Severe hyperthyroidism causing respiratory and cardiac collapse, hyperthermia, exaggerated reflexes, may be linked with an infection

A

Thyroid Storm

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25
Q

Commonest type of thyroid cancer.

A

Papillary

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26
Q

Type of thyroid cancer ass. with Hashimoto’s

A

Papillary

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27
Q

Second most common type of thyroid cancer

A

Follicular

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28
Q

Incidence of this type of thyroid cancer is higher in iodine deficient areas

A

follicular

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29
Q

Thyroid cancer with worse prognosis?

A

anaplastic

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30
Q

primary overactivity of parathyroid eg adenoma

A

hyperparathyroidism

31
Q

overactivity of parathyroid eg adenoma

A

primary hyperparathyroidism

32
Q

Physiological response to low calcium

A

secondary hyperparathyroidism

33
Q

Parathyroid becomes autonomous after many yearse of secondary

A

tertiary hyperparathyroidism

34
Q

Familial deactivating mutation in the calcium sensing receptor

A

hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia

35
Q

Causes for this include hypoparathyroidism, vit D deficiency, chronic renal failure, pancreatitis, hyperventilation, osteoblastic bone mets, rhabdomyloysis

A

Hypocalcaemia

36
Q

Can be a congeital absence (Di George syndrome), destruction, autoimmune, hypomanesaemia or idiopathic

A

hypoparathyroidism

37
Q

Genetic defect causing PTH resistance

A

pseudohyperparathyroidism

38
Q

Hypoparathyroidism but with normal calcium

A

pseudo-pseudohyperparathyroidism

39
Q

Abnormality of bone remodelling resulting in thick but weak bone. Viral cause but with genetic disposition

A

Paget’s disease

40
Q

Fibrous cyst formed, usually presents in teenage years

A

Thyroglossal cyst

41
Q

Rare, congenital cyst, usually presents in teenage years

A

dermoid cyst

42
Q

persisting second branchial arch arising in upper part of anterior triangle

A

Branchial cyst

43
Q

Lymphatic lesion arising in posterior triangle of neck

A

Cystic hygroma

44
Q

Pain and swelling around mealtimes

A

salivary gland stone

45
Q

Benign salivary gland neoplasm

A

Pleomorphic adenoma

46
Q

Excessive release of ADH causing dilutional hyponatraemia, most commonly cause by malignancy or infection

A

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion

47
Q

Hypo secretion/insensitivity to effects of DADH causing inability to concentrate urine in distal renal tubules

A

Diabetes insipidus

48
Q

2 types of diabetes insipidus?

A

Cranial (decreased secretion of ADH) or nephrogenic (decreased ability to concentrate urine cause by resistance to ADH in kidneys)

49
Q

makes up 10% of intra cranial tumours, can be sporadic or associated with MEN1

A

pituitary adenoma

50
Q

Most common FUNCTIONAL tumour

A

prolactinoma

51
Q

Second most common functional tumour, GH causes increase insulin like growth factors which stimulate growth of bone cartilage and connective tissue

A

GH secreting functional pituitary adenomas

52
Q

Usually a micro-adenoma, causes bilateral adrenocortical hyperplasia, symptoms of Cushings

A

ACTH secreting functional pituitary adenomas

53
Q

usually panhypopituitarism, many causes eg sarcoidosis, infarction (Sheehan’s) or tumours

A

pituitary hypofunction

54
Q

HLA genes represent around 50% of familial risk of what?

A

T1DM

55
Q

Genetic - Kallman syndrome

or Normosmic IHH

A

idiopathic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism

56
Q

condition affecting hypothalmic function and causing amenorrheoa
Causes include increased physical exercise, weight loss, anorexia nervosa, stress, chronic alcohol use, chronic illness, haemochromatosis

A

acquired hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism

57
Q

can be caused by micro or macro prolactinoma or drugs
Decreased oestrogen production
causes hypothalamic suppresion of GNRH

A

Hyperprolactinemia

58
Q

Women with only one X chromosome

may have aorta constriction and rudimentary ovaries

A

Turner syndrome

59
Q

Women with only one X chromosome

may have aorta constriction and rudimentary ovaries

A

Turner syndrome

60
Q

Menopause before age 40 yrs, usually familial history

A

Premature ovarian failure

61
Q

Reduced oocyte numbers prematurely

A

reduced ovarian reserve

62
Q

hyperandrogenism (acne, hirutism) and oligo/amenorrhoea

A

polycystic ovary syndrome

63
Q

Distally blocked fallopian tube filled with fluid

A

hydrosalpinx due to PID

64
Q

Presence of endometrial glands outside uterine cavity

A

Endometriosis

65
Q

What drugs can induce Type 3 DM?

A

Glucocorticoids, B blockers, diuretics

66
Q

Medical emergency occuring as result of insulin deficiency accompanied by an increase in counter regulatory hormones, leading to severe Hyperglycaemia

A

DKA

67
Q

Most commonly seen in elderly, happens more to Type 2s than type 1s, can be caused by severe dehydration

A

Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic non-ketotic state

68
Q

excess levels of growth hormone stimulate production of growth factor 1, normally caused by excessive secretion of GH from pituitary tumour

A

acromegaly

69
Q

congenital condition where hymen without opening completely obstructs the vagina

A

Imperforate hymen

70
Q

When is Imperforate hymen most often diagnosed?

A

Most often diagnosed in adolescent girls when menstrual blood accumulates in vagina

71
Q

Adhesion/fibrosis of endometrium, typically caused by trauma eg after miscarraige or abortion

A

Asherman syndrome

72
Q

Ovarian tumours defined by thyroid tissue compromising more than 50% of overall mass

A

Struma ovarii

73
Q

Caused by ingestion of exogenous thyroxine

A

Thyrotoxicosis Factita

Endocrinology (25 decks)

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