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Endocrinology > Hormones and Receptors > Flashcards

Hormones and Receptors Flashcards

1
Q

Is the endocrine system ductless or does it contain ducts?

A

ductless

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2
Q

Are glands anatomically distinct?

A

Yes, but do form functional system

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3
Q

What does the anterior pituitary release to cause the adrenal cortex to make cortisol?

A

ACTH

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4
Q

By what three ways is specificity of signalling achieved?

A
  • chemically distinct hormones
  • specific receptors for each
  • distinct distribution of receptors across target cells
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5
Q

Name the 3 main classes of hormones.

A

Glycoproteins and peptides
Steroids
Tyrosine and tryptophan derivatives

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6
Q

Which hormone class is most diverse?

A

glycoproteins and peptides

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7
Q

Give an example of the glycoproteins and peptides class

A

oxytocin or insulin

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8
Q

Give examples of steroids.

A

Cortisol, testosterone

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9
Q

Give examples of Tyrosine and tryptophan derivatives.

A

adrenaline, melatonin and thyroid hormones

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10
Q

Are amines, peptides and proteins hydrophilic or phobic, and are they transported freely or bound?

A

hydrophilic, freely

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11
Q

Are steroids hydrophilic or phobic, and are they transported freely or bound?

A

hydrophobic, bound to plasma proteins

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12
Q

Are steroids and thyroxine soluble or insoluble in plasma?

A

relatively insoluble

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13
Q

What is the function of carrier proteins?

A
  • increase amount of hormone transported in blood

- prevent rapid excretion by preventing filtration at kidney

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14
Q

What act as a buffer and ensure free and bound hormones are in equilibrium?

A

carrier proteins

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15
Q

Is albumin a specific or general carrier protein?

A

general

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16
Q

What does albumin bind?

A

many steroids

thyroxine

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17
Q

What does transthyretin bind?

A

thyroxine

some steroids

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18
Q

Do peptides and proteins need carrier proteins and why?

A

no, are soluble in plasma

19
Q

What type of hormones, free or bound, can cross the capillary wall?

A

only free

20
Q

What does cortisol bind globulin bind to sometimes as well as cortisol?

A

aldosterone

21
Q

What does thyroxine binding globulin bind to?

A

T4 (thyroxine) as well as some triiodothyronine (T3)

22
Q

What does sex steroid binding globulin (SSBG) bind to mostly?

A

testosterone and estradiol

23
Q

What buffer surges in hormone?

A

carrier proteins

24
Q

What is the primary determinant of plasma secretion?

A

rate of secretion

25
Q

What 3 things is rate of secretion subject to?

A
  • negative feedback control
  • neuroendocrine (sudden bursts of secretion in response to stimulus eg stress)
  • diurnal rhythm
26
Q

Does rate of elimination contribute to plasma concentration?

A

Yes

27
Q

How does rate of elimination generally occur?

A

By liver metabolism and kidney excretion

28
Q

How long does amine elimination take?

A

seconds

29
Q

How long does protein/peptide elimination take?

A

minutes

30
Q

How long does steroid elimination take?

A

hours - days

31
Q

What are the 3 main types of hormone RECEPTOR?

A
  • G protein coupled
  • receptor kinases
  • nuclear receptors
32
Q

What is the receptor for insulin an example of?

A

receptor kinases

33
Q

Which classes are cell surface receptors?

A

G protein coupled and receptor kinases (nuclear receptors are intracellular)

34
Q

What are G protein coupled receptors activated by?

A

amines and some proteins/peptides

35
Q

What are receptor kinase receptors activated by?

A

proteins/peptides

36
Q

How many classes are there of nuclear receptors?

A

3 (1, 2 and hybrid)

37
Q

What activates class 1 nuclear receptors?

A

steroid hormones

38
Q

Where are class 1 nuclear receptors when activated and when not?

A

no activated - cytoplasm, bound to heat shock proteins

activated- nucleus

39
Q

Where are class 2 nuclear receptors?

A

nucleus mostly

40
Q

What activates class 2?

A

mainly lipids

41
Q

What activates the hybrid class?

A

thyroid hormone

42
Q

What class is the hybrid class similar to in function?

A

class 1

43
Q

What must the ligands be to diffuse across the membrane in nuclear receptors?

A

lipophilic

Endocrinology (25 decks)

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