Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pediatric and Superficial Structures > Thyroid Pathology > Flashcards

Thyroid Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the term for normal function of the thyroid?

A

Euthyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the most common cause of thyrotoxicosis?

A

Hyperthyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?

A

Graves Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the symptoms of Graves disease? (4)

A
  1. Hyperthyroidism
  2. Goiter
  3. Ophthalmopathy (eye protrusion)
  4. Graves dermopathy (pretibial myxedema)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What disease is associated with the “thyroid storm”?

A

Graves disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What pathology is seen with thyroid inferno?

A

Graves disease - due to hypervascularity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What measurement is considered diffuse enlargement of the isthmus?

A

> 1cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the most common presentation of thyroiditis?

A

Hypothyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Acute presentation of thyroiditis?

A
  1. Low grade fever
  2. Sore neck
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In what population is acute suppurative thyroiditis seen in?

A

Peds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is thought to be the cause of subacute thyroiditis?

A

A viral infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Patient symptoms of subacute thyroiditis?

A
  1. Neck pain
  2. Radiating pain down jaw, throat, and ears
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In how many weeks does subacute thyroiditis usually resolve?

A

2-6 weeks and thyroid function is back to normal in 6-8 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the vascularity of acute and subacute thyroiditis?

A

Normal or lessened

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the most common thyroid function disorder?

A

Primary Hypothyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What causes secondary hypothyroidism?

A

Malfunction of either the hypothalamus or anterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism?

A
  1. In iodine sufficient countries = Hashimoto’s hypothyroidism (autoimmune disorder)
  2. In developing countries = iodine insufficiency
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the peak incidence of primary hypothyroidism?

A

45-65

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is hashimoto’s thyroiditis associated with? (5)

A
  1. Genetics
  2. Smoking
  3. High iodine intake
  4. Selenium deficiency
  5. Chronic hep C
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Symptoms for hypothyroidism?

A
  1. Cold intolerance
  2. Weight gain
  3. Dry skin
  4. Constipation
  5. Decreased sweating
  6. Hoarseness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Sonographic features of Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis?

A
  1. Early stages = hypoechoic, coarse echotexture, diffuse enlargement
  2. Later = Fibrosis and lobulations
  3. Even later = heterogenous, small hypoechoic nodules, decreased size
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Goiter symptoms? (4)

A
  1. Dysphagia
  2. Hoarseness
  3. Inspiratory stridor
  4. Venous congestion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why may a non-toxic goiter occur?

A

Hypothyroidism due to insufficient iodine in food, water, and soil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

In a non-toxic goiter, what are the levels of iodine, T3/4, and TSH?

A

Iodine = decreased
T3/4 = decreased
TSH = increased to try and compensate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

T or F? Toxic goiters are usually multinodular?

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What can toxic goiters induce?

A

Hyperthyroidism, graves disease, thyrotoxicosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does it mean when a multinodular goiter is “plunging”?

A

It means that the tissue is extending below the clavicle and into thoracic cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

SF of multinodular goiters?

A
  1. Multinodular, lobulated
  2. Heterogenous
  3. Possible calcifications
  4. Can be asymmetrically enlarged
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What thyroid pathology can either be toxic or non-toxic?

A

Multinodular goiters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is a common presentation of thyroid disease in pregnancy?

A

Enlarged thyroid due to hormonal changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the most common thyroid condition after abortion, miscarriage, or delivery?

A

PPT (postpartum thyroiditis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the classic presentation of PPT?

A

Thyrotoxicosis followed by hyPOthyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

SF of PPT?

A
  1. Hypoechoic
  2. Diffuse enlargement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What causes the majority of NODULAR disease?

A

Hyperplasia of the thyroid due to iodine deficiency or under-utilization

35
Q

SF of thyroid hyperplasia?

A
  1. Most commonly isoechoic but can become more echogenic as it increases in size
  2. Peripheral vascularity around nodule
  3. Cystic degeneration
36
Q

What are thyroid cysts usually due to ?

A

Hemorrhage or degeneration of thyroid nodules

37
Q

What is a treatment of thyroid cyst (if symptomatic) ?

A

Percutaneous ethanol injection if benign and surgical removal if malignant

38
Q

What do simple thyroid cysts contain within?

A

A large amount of colloid

39
Q

T or F? Colloid cysts are not very common

A

FALSE: they are very common

40
Q

What pathology contains small echogenic foci with comet-tail artifact?

A

Colloid cysts containing colloid crystals

41
Q

Hemorrhagic thyroid cysts contain what?

A

Blood and debris

42
Q

What pathology is “layered debris” a characteristic of?

A

Hemorrhagic cyst

43
Q

Most common reasons (2) why thyroid nodules occur?

A
  1. Increased age
  2. Decreased iodine intake
44
Q

Are hot or cold nodules more common?

45
Q

What determines a hot nodule?

A

When there is a dense collection - more iodine is trapped

46
Q

Is a hot nodule non-functioning or hyperfunctioning?

A

Hyperfunctioning

47
Q

What determines a cold nodule?

A

Does not trap iodine meaning it is non-functioning

48
Q

Do hot or cold nodules imply it’s benign?

49
Q

What are thyroid adenomas derived from?

A

Follicular cells

50
Q

Are most adenomas non-functioning or hyperfunctioning?

A

NON-functioning; although a small amount may produce thyroid hormone leading to hyperthyroidism (toxic adenoma)

51
Q

Most common SF of adenoma?

A
  1. Solid/solitary
  2. Well-circumscribed
  3. Oval shaped
  4. Rim calcifications
  5. “spoke and wheel” vascularity
52
Q

What is the most common thyroid cancer?

53
Q

What is the 2nd most common thyroid cancer?

A

Follicular

54
Q

What are the traditional SF features of thyroid malignancy?

A

Hypoechoic and solid

55
Q

What is one of the most suspicious features of malignancy?

A

Microcalcifications <2mm

56
Q

What 3 factors may raise suspicion of malignancy?

A
  1. When nodule is taller than it is wide
  2. When it is VERY hypoechoic
  3. Tumor invasion or lymph node METS
57
Q

What SF are associated with high thyroid cancer risk (9)?

A
  1. Hypoechoic
  2. Solid
  3. Microcalcifications (<2mm)
  4. Central vascularity
  5. No halo
  6. Ill-defined margins
  7. Taller than it is wide
  8. Local invasion and lymphadenopathy
  9. Increased tissue stiffness
58
Q

What SF are associated with low thyroid cancer risk (6)?

A
  1. Iso- or hypoechoic
  2. Can be cystic or solid
  3. Large, coarse calcifications
  4. Peripheral vascularity or none
  5. Egg-shell calcifications
  6. Insipissated colloid; comet-tail artifact
59
Q

What is the mode of spreading of papillary cancer vs. follicular cancer?

A

Papillary cancer spreads via lymphatics

Follicular cancer spreads via blood stream

60
Q

SF of papillary cancer?

A
  1. Hypoechoic
  2. Microcalcifications
  3. Hypervascular
  4. Punctate microcalcifications can appear in lymph nodes if METS is present
61
Q

Where is METS common with follicular carcinoma? (3)

A
  1. Lungs
  2. Liver
  3. Bones
62
Q

What may be a cause of increased incidence of follicular cancer?

A

Areas of dietary iodine deficiency

63
Q

T or F? Follicular adenomas and carcinomas CANNOT be distinguished on sonography or FNA?

64
Q

SF of follicular carcinoma?

A
  1. Ill-defined margins
  2. Hypervascular
  3. Thickened halo
65
Q

What is the least aggressive and has the best prognosis for thyroid cancers?

A

Papillary Carcinoma

66
Q

Where is medullary carcinoma derived from?

A

Parafollicular cells (c-cells)

67
Q

What is a lab marker that we look for with medullary carcinoma?

A

Increased calcitonin because parafollicular cells secrete calcitonin

68
Q

What syndrome is medullary carcinoma associated with?

A

MEN = multiple endocrine neoplasia

69
Q

T or F? Medullary carcinoma responds to radiation and chemo?

A

FALSE - this tumour is quite aggressive

70
Q

CP of medullary carcinoma?

A
  1. Mass in the neck causing hoarseness or dysphagia
  2. Due to endocrine secretion, patients may suffer from carcinoid syndrome and Cushing syndrome
71
Q

Local invasion & metastasis to cervical lymph nodes is more often in patients with?

A

Medullary cancer

72
Q

What thyroid cancer invades nearby vasculature and muscles, widespread mets?

A

Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma

73
Q

SF of anaplastic carcinoma?

A
  1. Large
  2. Solid
  3. Hypoechoic mass
  4. Invading blood vessels
  5. Possible invasion of other nearby structures
74
Q

What do Hurthle-cell carcinomas produce?

A

Thyroglobulin protein

75
Q

What thyroid pathology is most commonly seen in males?

A

Hurthle-cell carcinoma

76
Q

What do patients usually have a history of in thyroid lymphoma?

A

Hashimoto’s disease

77
Q

Thyroid lymphoma symptoms?

A

Obstructing airway symptoms:

  1. Dyspnea
  2. Dysphagia
78
Q

SF of thyroid lymphoma?

A
  1. Large
  2. Hypoechoic mass
  3. Solid
  4. Cystic necrosis
79
Q

Via what method is thyroid METS usually spread by?

A

Through blood rather than lymphatics

80
Q

What are the most common organs of thyroid METS (4)?

A
  1. Breast
  2. Lung
  3. Melanoma
  4. RCC
81
Q

SF of lymphadenopathy?

A
  1. Round
  2. Hypoechoic
  3. Loss of fatty hilum
  4. Cystic necrosis
  5. Increasing size
  6. Mixed vascularity
  7. METS from papillary cancer - node calcifications and HYPERECHOIC nodes
82
Q

What are two other names for subacute thyroiditis?

A

De quervian disease

Granulomatous thyroiditis

83
Q

What causes the majority of nodular disease?

A

Hyperplasia

84
Q

What abnormality is percutaneous ethanol injection used for?

A

Benign thyroid cysts when symptomatic

Pediatric and Superficial Structures (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions