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Pediatric and Superficial Structures > Neck Masses and Lymph Nodes > Flashcards

Neck Masses and Lymph Nodes Flashcards

1
Q

How are thyroglossal duct cysts formed?

A

When the thyroglossal duct tract persists and fails to close

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2
Q

Where are thyroglossal duct cysts located?

A

MIDLINE anywhere from the base of the tongue to the thyroid isthmus

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3
Q

CP of thyroglossal duct cysts?

A
  1. Usually found prior to age 10
  2. Painful
  3. Palpable
  4. Dysphagia
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4
Q

Where do thyroglossal duct cysts occur in relation to strap muscles?

A

Medial to strap muscles

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5
Q

SF of thyroglossal duct cyst?

A
  1. Midline cystic structure
  2. Anechoic or complex
  3. Typically <3cm
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6
Q

Where does the branchial cleft extend from?

A

Pharyngeal cavity to an opening near the auricle or neck

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7
Q

What 3 abnormalities may form from a branchial cleft?

A
  1. Cysts
  2. Sinuses
  3. Fistulas
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8
Q

Are branchial cleft cysts usually singular or multiple and unilateral or bilateral?

A

Singular and unilateral

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9
Q

Which branchial cleft cyst is most common?

A

2nd type: upper/anterior or adjacent to SCM muscle

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10
Q

Where are the 1st branchial cleft cysts located?

A

Type 1: Auditory canal
Type 2: Submandibular area

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11
Q

Where are the 2nd branchial cleft cysts located?

A

Are the most common type and located upper/anterior or adjacent to SCM muscle

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12
Q

Where are the 3rd branchial cleft cysts located?

A

Rare and located DEEP to the SCM

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13
Q

Where are the 4th branchial cleft cysts located?

A

Rare and variable location

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14
Q

Branchial cleft cysts are considered where in the neck?

A

Lateral neck masses

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15
Q

CP of branchial cleft cysts?

A
  1. Palpable neck masses
  2. Tender with infection
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16
Q

SF of branchial cleft cysts?

A

VARIABLE:
1. Anechoic (most common)
2. Homogenous
3. Heterogrenous
4. Hypoechoic
5. Pseudosolid

17
Q

What does pseudosolid mean?

A

A structure on ultrasound that appears solid but is actually cystic and contains fluid

18
Q

What is the most common appearance of branchial cleft cyst?

A

Anechoic

19
Q

What abnormality results from a developmental error in the cervical lymphatic system?

A

Cystic hygroma

20
Q

Cystic hygroma’s have a strong association with which chromosomal abnormalities?

A
  1. Trisomy 21
  2. Trisomy 18
  3. Turner syndrome
21
Q

Most common cause of deep neck space infections in both adults and children?

A

Adults: Dental issues/infections

Children: Tonsilitis

22
Q

What are the three most common spaces for abscesses?

A
  1. Submandibular
  2. Retropharyngeal
  3. Parapharyngeal
23
Q

Patient presents with pain, difficulty swallowing, and has recently had dental work done, what is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Deep neck space infection

24
Q

What is the gold standard to evaluate deep neck space infections?

A

CT

25
Q

Describe phlegmon vs. abscess?

A

Phlegmon = UNCONTAINED area of inflammation and can spread to adjacent structures

Abscess = walled off collection of puss and is confined to an area. Usually contains thickened walls

26
Q

What is most likely to spread to nearby structures: abscess or phlegmon?

A

Phlegmon because it is uncontained

27
Q

In what population are lymph nodes harder to see?

A

Older

28
Q

What is the normal appearance of a lymph node?

A
  1. Round or oval
  2. Hypoechoic
  3. Hilar vascularity
  4. echogenic fatty hilum
  5. Generally about 1cm in size AP
29
Q

SF of an abnormal lymph node?

A
  1. Round
  2. Hypoechoic
  3. Cystic necrosis within
  4. Chaotic vascularity
  5. Increased size
  6. Absence of fatty hilum
30
Q

What does cystic necrosis mean?

A

An area of dead tissue that has undergone liquefaction and results in a cystic appearance

31
Q

Appearance of a lymph node as a result of metastases from papillary thyroid carcinoma?

A
  1. Hyperechoic lymph nodes
  2. Calcifications within
32
Q

What is the largest lymph node in the body?

A

Jugulodigastric

33
Q

Most common causes for lymphadenopathy? (hint: 3)

A
  1. Autoimmune
  2. Infection
  3. Neoplastic

Pediatric and Superficial Structures (23 decks)

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