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Pediatric and Superficial Structures > Abdominal Wall and Chest Pathology > Flashcards

Abdominal Wall and Chest Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Where do superficial hematomas usually occur?

A

Rectus sheath

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2
Q

Patient symptoms of a rectus sheath hematoma?

A
  1. Ecchymosis (discolouration) of abdominal wall
  2. Decreased hematocrit
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3
Q

Where is there a lack of posterior rectus sheath?

A

Below arcuate line

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4
Q

What are abscesses in the abdominal wall usually caused by?

A

Trauma or post-surgical infections

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5
Q

How are abscesses typically treated?

A

Antibiotics

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6
Q

What are desmoid tumour also known as?

A

Aggressive Fibromatosis

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7
Q

What are desmoid tumours often related to?

A

Pregnancy

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8
Q

What are desmoid tumours made of? Where are they typically located?

A

Fibrous tissue. Anterior abdominal wall in the muscle, fascia, and aponeuroses

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9
Q

What tumour may have a high recurrence rate after surgery?

A

Desmoid tumour

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10
Q

SF of desmoid tumour?

A
  1. Hypoechoic
  2. Homogenous
  3. Some vascularity
  4. Through transmission
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11
Q

What are endometriomas of the abdominal wall also called?

A

Chocolate cysts

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12
Q

What pathology can transform into a sarcoma?

A

Endometriomas

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13
Q

What are the usual causes of endometriomas?

A

C-section, from the scar

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14
Q

With what pathology will a patient feel pain associated with the menstrual cycle?

A

Endometrioma

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15
Q

SF of endometriomas of abdominal wall?

A
  1. Hypoechoic
  2. Spiculated
  3. Solid or cystic
  4. Vascular
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16
Q

What are the three types of sarcomas?

A
  1. Liposarcoma
  2. Rhabdomyosarcoma
  3. Fibrosarcoma
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17
Q

High incidence of recurrence and post excision requiring radiation therapy to lower chances of recurrence in what pathology?

A

Sarcomas

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18
Q

What is known as cancer of the soft tissues?

A

Sarcoma

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19
Q

What pathology is known as a defect in the abdominal wall where abdominal contents protrude outwards?

A

Hernia

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20
Q

What is the main component of a hernia?

A

Fat

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21
Q

What are the most common ventral hernias in children and adults?

A

Children: Umbilical
Adults: Para-umbilical

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22
Q

What are the most common type of hernia in general?

A

Groin

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23
Q

What 3 factors contribute to a weakened abdominal wall?

A
  1. abnormal collagen metabolism
  2. pressure overload (obesity, heavy lifting, coughing, smoking, familial tendency or straining)
  3. Insufficient protein intake
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24
Q

What type of hernias are not considered to be ventral? (2)

A

Inguinal and diaphragmatic

25
Q

What is diastasis recti?

A

Stretching of the linea alba

26
Q

What is the most common ventral hernia?

A

Umbilical

27
Q

Where do epigastric hernias occur?

A

The widest part of linea alba

28
Q

Where do spigelian hernias occur?

A

Along spigelian fascia between rectus muscle and semilunar line - BELOW arcuate line

29
Q

Do spigelian hernias usually occur above or below arcuate line?

A

BELOW

30
Q

Are groin hernias more common in men or women?

A

Men

31
Q

Where specifically do groin hernias usually occur?

A

Ilioinguinal crease

32
Q

Unilateral hernias are more common on what side of the body?

A

Right

33
Q

What 3 categories do groin hernias include?

A
  1. Direct
  2. Indirect
  3. Femoral
34
Q

What is the most common groin hernia?

A

Indirect

35
Q

What do indirect inguinal hernias protrude through?

A

A defect in the deep inguinal ring and extending into canal

36
Q

Where are indirect inguinal hernias located in relation to epigastric vessels?

A

Laterally

37
Q

Where are direct inguinal hernias located in relation to epigastric vessels?

A

Medially

38
Q

Are femoral hernias more common in men or women?

A

Women

39
Q

Where are femoral hernias located?

A

Medial to the femoral vein and inferior to
the inguinal ligament and usually on the right side

40
Q

How do you tell if a hernia is reducable on ultrasound?

A

Use pressure with the probe to see if it gets sucked back into where it came from

41
Q

How do we measure hernias on ultrasound?

A

3 planes and the neck (measurement of the break in the abdominal wall)

42
Q

What are 3 hernia complications?

A
  1. Incarceration
  2. Obstruction
  3. Strangulation
43
Q

SF of a strangulated hernia?

A
  1. Echogenic
  2. Loss of peristalsis from bowel
  3. No vascularity
  4. Thick walls
  5. Fluid in herniated sac
44
Q

What is diaphragmatic paralysis caused by?

A

Damage to phrenic nerve

45
Q

Patient symptoms in unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis vs bilateral

A

Unilateral - difficulty breathing, headaches, fatigue, dyspnea

Bilateral - Severe dyspnea - MEDICAL EMERGENCY

46
Q

With diaphragmatic paralysis, you may see thickening of the diaphragm during inspiration or expiration?

A

Inspiration

47
Q

What is diaphragm eventration?

A

Lack of muscle in the dome of diaphragm

48
Q

What may you suspect in the diaphragm when abdominal contents rise up to it?

A

Eventration

49
Q

What fetal abnormalities are associated with diaphragm eventration?

A

Trisomy 13
Trisomy 18
BWS

50
Q

What abnormality of the diaphragm is a result of increased pressure in the pleural cavity?

A

Inversion - loss of dome shape and impaired motion

51
Q

What is the most common type of congenital diaphragmatic hernia?

A

Bochdalek hernia - defects in the POSTERIOR attachment in the diaphragm

52
Q

What is pleural effusion also known as?

A

Hydrothorax - fluid accumulation in pleural cavity

53
Q

What are the most common causes of pleural effusion? (4)

A
  1. Cancer
  2. Heart failure
  3. Pneumonia
  4. PE
54
Q

What is hemothorax?

A

Collection of blood in pleural cavity

55
Q

What is pneumothorax?

A

Gas or air in the pleural cavity - medical emergency

56
Q

Why is pneumothorax a medical emergency?

A

Can cause collapsed lung

57
Q

What is the normal M-mode “sign” seen on ultrasound for lungs?

A

Sea shore sign

58
Q

What is the abnormal M-mode “sign” seen on ultrasound for lungs?

A

Barcode sign - NO BEACH

Pediatric and Superficial Structures (23 decks)

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