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Pediatric and Superficial Structures > Anatomy and Physiology of the Breast > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology of the Breast Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common and most affective screening tool of breast cancer?

A

Mammography

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2
Q

What is the first imaging sign in mammography of a developing malignancy?

A

Microcalcifications

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3
Q

Match radiopaque and radiolucent with fatty and dense breasts

A

Dense = radiopaque (x-ray cannot penetrate through)

Fatty = radiolucent

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4
Q

T or F? Mammography is good at detecting if a lesion is solid or cystic?

A

FALSE: cannot be determined which is when they send the patient for an ultrasound

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5
Q

Is the breast an endocrine or exocrine gland?

A

Exocrine

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6
Q

What is the primary function of the breast?

A

To produce milk

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7
Q

What elements of the breast tissue primarily function to produce and convey milk?

A

Glandular tissue

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8
Q

What do stromal elements of the breast consist of? (5)

A
  1. CT
  2. Fat
  3. Blood vessels
  4. Lymphatics
  5. Nerves
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9
Q

Unilateral early ripening or unilateral premature thelarche usually occurs prior to what age?

A

8 years

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10
Q

What is precocious puberty?

A

Development of both breast by the age of 8

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11
Q

What is the most common nipple variant?

A

Polythelia (accessory nipple)

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12
Q

T or F? Congenital nipple inversion is a normal variant?

A

TRUE

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13
Q

What type of glands are found at the areola?

A

Montgomery glands - secrete oil during breast feeding

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14
Q

What arteries supply the medial and lateral part of the breast?

A

Medial: Internal thoracic artery supply

Lateral: Axilla (lateral thoracic and thoracoacromial artery)

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15
Q

What veins drain the breast? (3)

A
  1. Axilla
  2. Internal thoracic
  3. 2-4th intercostal veins
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16
Q

Lymph in the breast flows through the intra-mammary nodes and lymph vessels into what?

A

Subareolar plexus

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17
Q

Where are the intra-mammary nodes of the breast especially located?

A

UOQ near axilla

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18
Q

Are intra-mammary nodes or axillary nodes more commonly seen on ultrasound?

A

Axillary

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19
Q

How big are intra-mammary nodes usually?

A

< 1cm

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20
Q

What nodes account for most of the lymph drainage?

A

Axillary (lateral pathway)

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21
Q

What is the first lymph node which drains a cancerous tumor and is at most risk for metastasis?

A

Sentinel Lymph Node (SLN)

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22
Q

Where is the sentinel lymph node (SLN) located ?

A

Lower axillary

23
Q

What type of ligament connects the breast to the skin?

A

Coopers’ ligaments

24
Q

What is another name for the fibrous tissue of the breast?

A

Suspensory ligaments

25
Q

T or F? Both males and females contain coopers’ ligaments in the breast?

A

FALSE: men do not

26
Q

What provides support to the breast?

A

Coopers’ ligaments

27
Q

Portions of mammary tissue can extend into the axilla, which is called what?

A

Axillary tail AKA tail of Spence

28
Q

What is the axillary tail also called?

A

Tail of Spence

29
Q

How many overlapping lobes does the mammary layer consist of?

A

15-20

30
Q

How many TDLU’s are contained in each lobe?

A

20-40

31
Q

What does a TDLU consist of?

A
  1. Lobule
  2. Extralobular terminal duct
32
Q

What are the SMALLEST functional units of the breast?

A

Acini

33
Q

When do ductules turn into acini or alveoli?

A

During pregnancy

34
Q

Where does most pathology of the breast arise from?

A

TDLU’s

35
Q

Where are TDLU’s most commonly found? (what breast layer)

A

Mammary

36
Q

What is the pathway of the ductal system from smallest to largest? (6)

A

Acini –> intralobar terminal duct –> extralobar terminal duct –> lactiferous duct –> lactiferous sinus –> nipple

37
Q

What type of breast tissue is most common in males?

A

Fatty tissue

38
Q

What are the two most common breast conditions in men?

A
  1. Gynecomastia (benign breast enlargement)
  2. Cancer
39
Q

Which breast layer contains fat?

A

All of them

40
Q

What hormone(s) stimulate stromal & ductal growth and development as well as altering body fat composition?

A

Estrogen

41
Q

What hormone(s) are responsible for giving the nipple its colour?

A

Estrogen and progesterone

42
Q

What hormone triggers the growth of alveoli?

A

Progesterone

43
Q

What hormone stimulates milk production?

A

Prolactin

44
Q

What hormone triggers milk ejection?

A

Oxytocin

45
Q

What is the pre-mammary layer also known as?

A

Subcutaneous fat layer

46
Q

In which layer of the breast are Cooper’s ligaments best seen?

A

Premammary

47
Q

Which breast layer contains the glandular tissue?

A

Mammary layer

48
Q

Which layer will you see lactiferous ducts?

A

Mammary layer

49
Q

Where is most glandular tissue found in the breast? (hint: quadrant)

A

UOQ

50
Q

What is contained in the retro-mammary layer?

A

Fat and ligaments (suspensory ligaments)

51
Q

Fatty replacement of parenchyma occurs with what factor?

A

Increasing age

52
Q

A lesion sits at 10:00 in the right breast- which quadrant is the lesion in?

A

RUO

53
Q

A lesion sits at 7:00 in the left breast- which quadrant is the lesion in?

A

LLI

Pediatric and Superficial Structures (23 decks)

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