THRA.6 Flashcards
1
Q
The caput of vertebrae are…
A
Convex
2
Q
The fossa of the vertebrae are…
A
Concave
3
Q
How many cervical vertebrae are there in domestic animals?
A
7
4
Q
3
A
Extremitas cranialis
5
Q
9
A
Foramen vertebrale
6
Q
6
A
Arcus vertebrae
7
Q
7
A
Pediculus arcus vertebrae
8
Q
8
A
Lamina arcus vertebrae
9
Q
13
A
Incisura vertebralis cranialis
10
Q
16
A
- Sulcus nervi spinalis*
- (Ø Eq/Ca)*
11
Q
18
A
Processus transversus
12
Q
20
A
Processus articularis cranialis
13
Q
21
A
Processus articularis caudalis
14
Q
25
A
Processus transversus
15
Q
26
A
Tuberculum ventrale
(C3 - C5)
16
Q
28
A
Foramen transversarium
17
Q
29
A
Tuberculum dorsale
(C3 - C6)
18
Q
12
A
Foramen intervertebrale
19
Q
What does foramen vertebrale host?
A
Medulla spinalis
20
Q
At what point is medulla spinalis at it’s widest point?
A
C1 - C2 Region
21
Q
The enlargement of medulla spinalis between C6 and T2 is called…
A
Intumescentia cervicalis
22
Q
The ventral branches from intumescentia cervicalis go to form the…
A
Brachial plexus
23
Q
Which vessel(s) are found in foramen vertebrae
A
- Aa. spinales dorsales x 2
- A. spinalis ventralis
24
Q
5
A
Crista ventralis
25
14
*Incisura vertebralis caudalis*
26
In some cases, bone can grow over *incisura vertebralis cranialis/caudalis* to form...
*Foramina vertebrales laterales*
27
In the C-spine, the spinous process is essentially absent in...
Eq
28
Which direction do the dorsal and ventral tubercles of the C-spine orient?
Dorsal: Caudally
Ventral: Cranially
29
The *foramina transversaria* of several cervical vertebrae form the...
*Canalis transversarius*
30
Which structure(s) pass through the *canalis transversarius*
*A./v./n. vertebralis*
31
Ruminants use the ... to transport blood to the brain, rather than the ... which other species use.
1. *A. vertebralis*
2. *A. carotis interna*
32
As you move caudally, the cervical vertabrae body size becomes...
Shorter
33
11
*Spatium interarcuale*
34
Which seperation is between the occipital bone and the atlas?
*Spatium atlantooccipitale*
35
Which seperation is between the atlas and the axis?
*Spatium atlantoaxiale*
36
The _first_ spinal nerve leaves the *medulla spinalis* via the...
*Foramen vertebrale laterale*
37
All cervical spinal nerves, with exception to C1, leave the medulla spinalis via the...
*Foramen intervertebrale*
38
How many spinal nerves exist in the C-spine?
8
| (The 8th between C7 and T1)
39
The dorsal and ventral cervical plexi are formed by...
The dorsal and ventral branches of the cervical nerves, respectively
40
Where does the ventral branch of C1 join onto?
CN-VII in the *ansa cervicalis*
41
*Ansa cervicalis* innervates which muscles?
* Sternohyoid
* Sternothyroid
* Omohyoid (Ø Ca)
42
The ventral branch of C2 detaches...
*N. auricularis magnus*
43
*N. auricularis magnus joins...*
Caudal auricular branch of CN-VII
Innervating the caudal part of the external ear
44
Ventral roots of C5 to C7 form the...
*N. Phrenicus* to the diaphragm
45
Supraclavicular branches arise from the...
Ventral cervical plexus
46
Supraclavicular branches innervate...
The skin over the shoudler joint
47
2
*Massa lateralis*
48
12
*Arcus dorsalis*
49
3
* Ala atlantis*
* Processus transversus*
50
Which processes are absent from the atlas?
* Processus spinosus*
* Processi articulares*
51
13
*Tuberculum dorsale*
| (Large in Ru)
52
11
*Tuberculum ventrale*
53
Which foramina perforate the Eq *ala atlantis*?
* Foramen alare*
* Foramen vertebrale laterale*
* Foramen transversarium*
54
Which foramina perforate the Ruminant *ala atlantis*?
* Foramen alare*
* Foramen vertebrale laterale*
55
Which foramina perforate the Canine *ala atlantis*?
* Foramen vertebrale laterale*
* Foramen transversarium*
56
Which structure replaces the *foramen alare* in canine?
*Incisura alaris*
57
5
*Incisura alaris* (Car only)
58
Describe the shape of the equine atlas (cranially)
Upside down V-shape
59
9
*Arcus ventralis*
60
6
*Fossa atlantis*
61
7
*Fovea articularis cranialis*
62
8
*Fovea articularis caudalis*
63
10
*Fovea dentis*
64
15
*Dens*
65
18
*Facies articularis dorsalis*
66
17
*Facies articularis ventralis*
* Bifurcated in Eq/Ca/Su
* Continuous curve in Ru
67
16
*Apex*
68
Give the species
Canine
69
Give the species
Swine
70
Give the species
Ruminant
71
Give the species
Equine
72
Give the species
Canine
73
Give the species
Swine
74
Give the species
Ruminant
75
Give the species
Equine
76
*Processus articularis cranialis*
77
*Foramen vertebrale laterale*
78
*Foramen vertebrale laterale*
79
The *foramen vertebrale latetale* is lacking in the a*xis* of which species?
Ca/Su
80
*Crista ventralis* is lacking in which vertebrae?
C6 and C7
(Except Ca)
81
On C6 the cranioventral tubercle is called the...
*Lamina ventralis*
82
What is unique about C7?
* 6 articular surfaces *(rather than 4)*
* Paired foveae *costales caudales*
* Lacking *foramen transversarium*
* *Processus spinosus* is visible
83
What kind of joint is *art. atlandooccipitalis*?
Two ellipsoidal joints
84
Which joint feature encapsulates each occipital condyle?
* Membrana atlantooccipitalis dorsalis* x 2
* Membrana atlantooccipitalis ventralis:*
* Single in Ca/Ru/Old Eq/Old Su
* Double in young Eq/Su
85
*Lig. longitudinale*
| (Eq/Ru)
86
*Membrana antlantooccipitalis ventralis*
87
Lateral ligament of the atlas
88
*Membrana atlantooccipitalis dorsalis*
| (with articular capsule)
89
Right alar ligament
90
Articular capsule of *art. atlantoaxialis*
91
Lamellar part of the nuchal ligament
92
29
*Lig. atlantoaxiale dorsale*
93
35
*Lig. atlantoaxiale ventrale*
| (Ru/Eq)
94
33
*Lig. apicis dentis*
| (Ca/Su)
95
Which structures hold the *art.* atlantoaxialis in place?
1. *Membrana tectoria/atlantoaxialis dorsalis*
2. *Lig. atlantoaxiale dorsale*
3. *Lig. atlantoaxiale ventrale*
4. *Lig. apicis dentis*
5. *Lig. alaris dentis*
6. *Lig. transversum atlantis (Ca/Su)*
96
Name the long ligaments of the vertebral column
* *Lig. longitudinale dorsale*
* *Lig. longitudinale ventrale*
* *Lig. nuchae* (becomes *lig. supraspinale*) (Ø Su)
97
Name the short ligaments of the vertebral column
* Ligg. interspinales
* Ligg. intertransversaria
* Ligg. interarcuales/flava
98
*Lamina nuchae (of lig. nuchae)*
| (Eq/Ru)
99
*Funiculus nuchae (of lig. nuchae)*
| (Ø Su)
100
*Lig. supraspinale*
101
*Bursa subligamentosa nuchalis cranialis et caudalis*
(Eq Only)
102
*Lig. supraspinale*
| (with supraspinal subligamentous bursa)
103
*Lig. supraspinale*
104
*Funiculus nuchae (of lig. nuchae)*
| (ØSu)
105
*Funiculus nuchae* (of *lig. nuchae*)
| (Ø Su)
106
*Lamina nuchae* (of *lig. nuchae*)
| (Eq/Ru)
107
*Lig. longitudinale ventrale*
108
*Lig. longitudinale dorsale*
| (C2 - S1)
109
*Lig. interarcuales/flavum*
Yellow ligament (Ru/Eq)
110
*Lig. interspinales*
111
*Lig. supraspinale*
112
Give the groups of the muscles of the head and neck
1. Longus Group
2. Obliquus Group
3. Rectus Group
4. Sternocleidomastoideus Group
5. Scalenus Group
6. Semispinalis Group
113
Which muscles do not belong to a specific group withing the muscles of the head and neck?
1. *M. omotransversarius*
2. *M. splenius*
114
Give the muscles belonging to the Longus group
1. *M. longus capitis*
2. *M. longus colli*
115
Give the muscles belonging to the Obliquus group
1. M. obliquus capitis cranialis
2. M. obliquus capitis caudalis
116
Give the muscles belonging to the Rectus group
1. M. rectus capitis dorsalis major
2. M. rectus capitis dorsalis minor
3. M. rectus capitis lateralis
4. M. rectus capitis ventralis
117
Give the muscles belonging to the Sternocleidomastoideus group
* *M. brachiocephalicus*
* *M. cleidobrachialis*
* *M. cleidocephalicus*
* *M. cleidocervicalis (Ca)*
* *M. cleidomastoideus*
* *M. cleidooccipitalis (Ru/Su)*
* *M. sternocephalicus*
* *M. sternomandibularis (Eq/Ru)*
* *M. sternomastoideus (Ø Su)*
* *M. sternooccipitalis (Ca)*
118
Give the muscles belonging to the Scalenus group
1. *M. scalenus dorsalis* (Ø Eq)
2. *M. scalenus medius*
3. *M. scalenus ventralis* (Ø Ca)
119
Give the muscles belonging to the Semispinalis group
1. *M. biventer cervicis*
2. *M. complexus*
3. *M. semispinalis cervicis* (Ca/Ru)
120
M. Cleidobrachialis
O: Distal Humerus, Crista Humerii
I: Clavicular Intersection
A: Extend shoulder, move limb cranially, lat + downward head movement
121
M. Cleidocephalicus
O: Clavicular Intersection
I: *See M. Cleidomastoideus and M. Cleidocervicalis*
A: Extend shoudler, move limb cranially, Lat + downward head movement
122
M. Omotransversarius
O: Distal Spina Scapulae
I: Ala Atlantis
A: Draws Shoulder Cranially, Flex neck laterally
123
M. Cleidocervicalis (Ca only)
O: Clavicular Intersection
I: Dorsal Midline of the cranial *raphe cervicis*
A: Extend shoulder, move forelimb cranially, Lat. + downward head movement
124
M. Sternooccipitalis
O: Manubrium Sterni
I: Nuchal crest
A: Move neck laterally or ventrally
125
M. Cleidomastoideus
O: Clavicular Intersection
I: Mastoid process of temporal bone
A: Extend shoulder, move forelimb cranially, Lat. + downward head movement
126
M. Sternomastoideus
O: Manubrium Sterni
I: Mastoid process of temporal bone
A: Lat. + Vent. head movement
127
M. Sternocephalicus
O: Manubrium Sterni
I: Head
A: Lat. + Vent. head movement
128
M. Scalenus Dorsalis (Ø Eq)
O: C4-C6 Transverse Process
I: Dorsally Situated: Ribs 1-4
Ventrally Situated: Ribs 1-8/9
A: Inspiration, vent. + lat. head movement
129
M. Scalenus Medius
O: C6 - C7 Transverse Process
I: Cranial Border of R1 *(+R2 in Ca)*
A: Inspiration, flex nex ventrolaterally
130
M. Scalenus Dorsalis (Ø Eq)
O: C4-C6 Transverse Process
I: Dorsally Situated: Ribs 1-4
Ventrally Situated: Ribs 1-8/9
A: Inspiration, vent. + lat. head movement
131
M. Splenius
O: T1-T3 Spinous Process, Caudal Lig. Nuchae, Cranial Thoracolumbar Fascia
I: Crista Nuchae, Mastoid process on temporal bone
A: Extend Neck, Raise Head, Lat. Head Movement
132
M. Complexus (Pars ventralis of m. Semispinalis Capitis)
O: Caudal Articular Process of C3-T1
I: Crista Nuchae, external occipital protuberance
A: Extend Neck, Lat. flex neck
133
*M. obliquus capitis cranialis*
O: *Ala atlantis*
I: *Squama occipitalis*
A: Extends/laterally flexes the *art.* *atlantooccipitalis*
134
*M. rectus capitis lateralis*
O: *Arcus ventralis* (of atlas)
I: *Processus paracondylaris*
A: Flex *art. atlantooccipitalis* lat. + vent.
135
*M. rectus capitis ventralis*
O: *Arcus ventralis* (of atlas)
I: *Pars basilaris* of *os occipitale*
A: Flex *art. atlantooccipitalis* ventrally
136
14
*M. longus capitis*
O: C3 - C6 transverse processes
I: *Pars basilaris* of *os occipitale*
A: Flex neck
137
2a
*M. biventer cervicis* (dorsal part of *m. semispinalis capitis*)
O: T2-T4 transverse processes
I: *Crista nuchae,* external occipital protuberance
A: Extend neck, flex head and neck laterally
138
*M. Brachiocephalicus*
O: Humerus
I: Head and neck
A: Extend shoulder, lat. + downwards head and neck movement, draws limb cranially
139
*M. sternomandibularis* (Eq/Ru)
O: *Manubrium sterni*
I: *Fascia masseterica, tuberositas m. sternomandibularis*
A: Lat. + Vent. head movement
140
*M. cleidooccipitalis* (Ru/Su)
O: Clavicular intersection
I: *Crista nuchae*
A: Extend shoulder, lat. + downward movement of head, cranial limb movement
141
*M. obliquus capitis caudalis*
O: C2 spinous process and caudal articular process
I: *Ala atlantis*
A: Rotates atlantoaxial joint
142
*M. rectus capitis dorsalis major*
O: C2 spinous process
I: *Squama occipitalis*
A: Extends atlantooccipital joint, raises head
143
*M. longus colli*
O: *Cristae ventrales* of the cervical vertebrae from C2
I: *Cristae ventrales* of T5
A: Flex the neck
144
*M. scalenus ventralis* (Ø Ca)
O: C3-C6 transverse process
I: Middle portion of R1
A: Flex neck ventrolaterally, inspiration
