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Anatomy > Thorax Part 2 > Flashcards

Thorax Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the thoracic cavity include?

A

2 pulmonary cavities – lungs and pleura with one central compartment of the mediastinum

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2
Q

Where is the mediastinum?

A

T4/T5 (sternal angle)

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3
Q

What does the mediastinum divide into?

A

superior and inferior parts

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4
Q

What is located in the superior mediastinum?

A

4 arteries: arch of aorta, brachiocephalic, left common carotid, left subclavian

4 nerves: R&L vagus and phrenic nerves

3 veins: R&L brachiocephalic, SVC
trachea & esophagus, thymus, thoracic duct

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5
Q

What is the inferior mediastinum divided into?

A

MAP - middle, anterior, posterior

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6
Q

What is in the posterior mediastinum?

A

4th-12th thoracic vertebrae, includes descending aorta, axygos0hemiazygos veins, lymphnodes, thoracic duct

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7
Q

What is in the anterior mediastinum?

A

thymus and lymph nodes

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8
Q

What are the boundaries of the anterior mediastinum?

A

superior horizontal plane, inferior diaphragm, anterior body & xiphoid process, posterior heart

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9
Q

What is included in the middle mediastinum?

A

heart, pericardium, ascending aorta, L&R main bronchi, tracheal bifurcation , vena cava, R&L pulmonary veins and phrenic nerves, lymph nodes

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10
Q

What is the steps of surface to deep of the thoracic duct?

A

thymus -> veins -> arteries -> nerves -> trachea -> esophagus -> thoracic duct

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11
Q

What does the vagus nerve branch off into?

A

left recurrent laryngeal nerve

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12
Q

Where is a mediastinoscopy?

A

superior and middle mediastinum staging

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13
Q

What are the two pleural layers with a cavity in between?

A

visceral (can’t differentiate), parietal (sensitive to pain, temp, touch, adhering to mediastinum versus not). Parietal attaches to chest wall and visceral is against organs

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14
Q

What is the pleural cavity?

A

between parietal and visceral layers; contains pleural fluid for lubrication of lungs to inhale and exhale

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15
Q

What are recesses?

A

area between visceral and parietal where lungs can expand

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16
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A
  1. larger.
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17
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

A

2, cardiac notch, lingula - tongue like process off left

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18
Q

What divides the lungs into lobes?

A

fissures

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19
Q

What is the pulmonary innervation?

A

cardiac plexus and vagus nerve

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20
Q

How are the lungs nerve supplied?

A

pulmonary plexi

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21
Q

Where is the sympathetic innervation of the thorax?

A

T1-L2/L3
gray – to spinal cord
white – from spinal cord

22
Q

Where is the parasympathetic innervation?

A

cranial and S2-S4; rest and digest…key=R&L vagus nerves

23
Q

What does the parasympathetic stimulation cause?

A

vasodilation and bronchoconstriction

24
Q

How many pulmonary veins are there?

A

2 on each side for 4 total

25
Q

Where does the pulmonary artery deliver blood to?

A

lungs

26
Q

Where does the pulmonary veins deliver blood to?

A

heart

27
Q

What is the hilum?

A

pulmonary blood vessels enter and leave through here, with a primary bronchus on each side. Two pulmonary arteries, four pulmonary veins

28
Q

What is a pulmonary embolus?

A

DVT travels to the heart lodging itself in the pulmonary arteries; FATAL issue

29
Q

Where is the carina of the bronchi?

A

at sternal angle

30
Q

What is the bronchial’s blood supply?

A

left bronchial arises from thoracic aorta
right bronchial arises from posterior intercostal arteries (5/6 posterior intercostal artery)

31
Q

How does the bronchi drain?

A

right vein = azygous
left vein = hemi-azygous vein
deep = deep lung parenchyma and drain into pulmonary veins

32
Q

Where is the azygous vein?

A

Deep on right side of body, originates at 12th thoracic vertebrae and branches over hilum and joins SVC

33
Q

What is the azygous vein’s job?

A

transports deoxygenated blood from posterior thorax and abdomen into superior vena cava

34
Q

Where is the hemiazygos?

A

T9 from left renal

35
Q

Where is the accessory hemazygous?

A

T8 drains into azygous, drains left superior hemithorax

36
Q

What is the drainage process of the azygos venous process?

A

hemiazygous–>azygous–> SVC, entering through the aortic hiatus

37
Q

What is an azygous lobe?

A

during embryo development, M>F, 1% of people have an extra little lobe with displaced azygous vein that creates another fissure (no bronchus though)

38
Q

What are types of alveoli?

A

type I 95% and type II 5% (infants need extra of this pulmonary surfactant to keep tension and alveolis from collapsing)

39
Q

What is respiratory distress syndrome?

A

apnea, cyanosis, grunting, inspiratory stridoer, nasal flaring, poor feeding….common in preterm neonates, prevents alveoli collapse with pulmonary surfactant

40
Q

What is the blue bloater?

A

chronic bronchitis common with overweight, cyanotic, edema, wheezing, smokers

41
Q

What is the pink puffer?

A

old and thin, dyspnea, quiet chest

42
Q

What is the innervation of the middle mediastinum?

A

pericardiacophrenic artery and phrenic nerve c3-c5, vagus nerve

43
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

very thick sack that makes up two layers that surround the heart

44
Q

What are the layers of the pericardium?

A

fibrous (anchor, prevents heart from filling with excess blood) and serous (inner layer)

45
Q

What are the three heart layers?

A

epicardium (outer/visceral), myocardium (muscular wall of the heart), endocardium (covers inner surface of heart)

46
Q

What is a cardiac tamponade?

A

emergency medical condition fluid buildup of pericardial sac that prevents refilling of ventricles

47
Q

What is Beck’s triad for a cardiac tamponade?

A

hypotension, jugular venous distension, muffled heart sounds. Treated with needle asperation along left sternal border of 5th intercostal space

48
Q

This is a reminder to review your heart anatomy ! What is the flow?

A

SVC/IVC -> right atrium -> tricupsid valve -> right ventricle -> pulmonary valve -> pulmonary artery -> lungs -> left atrium -> bicupsid/mitral valve-> left ventricle -> aortic valve -> aorta -> rest of body

49
Q

What is the patent foramen ovale?

A

hole between right and left atrium while in womb..this and ductus arteriosus will close normally after birth (bypassing lungs, using mom’s body)

50
Q

What are the five fetal adaptions?

A

umbilical vein (placenta O2 rich blood –> liver –> IVC)
ductus venosus (umbilical vein to IVC)
patent foramen ovale (hole RA->LA)
ductus arteriosus (direct connection between pulmonary and aorta)
umbilical arteries (blood leaves aorta, majority diverted back to placenta)

Anatomy (19 decks)

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