Skin

Question 1

What is the top layer of the skin?

Answer 1

Epidermis

Question 2

What components make up the epidermis?

Answer 2

Melanocytes, keratinocytes, papillary ridges. 10-30 layers of epithelial cells

Question 3

What’s the second layer of the skin?

Answer 3

Dermis

Question 4

What components make up the dermis?

Answer 4

Hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, arrector pili muscles, hair, nails

Question 5

What type of sweat glands are there?

Answer 5

Eccrine - heat regulations
Aprocrine - puberty, anxiety (smelly hehe)
Sebaceous - everywhere secreting oil

Question 6

What are mechanoreceptors?

Answer 6

respond to MECHANICAL stimuli, stroking, stretching, vibration on skin

Question 7

What are thermoreceptors?

Answer 7

respond to hot or cold temperature

Question 8

What are chemoreceptors?

Answer 8

Responding to certain types of chemicals

Question 9

What are nocireceptors?

Answer 9

Responding to experience of pain

Question 10

What do pacinian corpuscles detect?

Answer 10

detect transient pressure and higher frequency vibrations

Question 11

What do Merkel’s disks detect?

Answer 11

Respond to light pressure

Question 12

What do Ruffini corpuscles detect?

Answer 12

stretch

Question 13

What are dermatomes?

Answer 13

Specific segment of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve. Shingles only goes along one dermatome (interesting).

Question 14

What dermatome is most common for back pain?

Answer 14

L4, L5

Question 15

What dermatome is your nipples?

Answer 15

T4

Question 16

What dermatome is your clavicles?

Answer 16

C5

Question 17

What dermatome is your perinieum?

Answer 17

S2, 3, 4

Question 18

What dermatome is your belly button?

Answer 18

T10

Question 19

Where is T11 dermatome?

Answer 19

Below your belly button

Question 20

Where is your L5 dermatome?

Answer 20

right on your tailbone, a bit above

Question 21

What is the deepest layer of skin?

Answer 21

Hypodermis or subcutaneous tissue

Question 22

What does subcutaneous tissue consist of?

Answer 22

Adipose tissue, subcutaneous tissue, deep fascia (divides limbs into compartments)

Question 23

Where do you do subq injections?

Answer 23

Stomach, outer thighs, outer upper arms, back middle (avoiding spine)

Question 24

What are tendons, aponeuroses, fascia, superficial fascia?

Answer 24

t- white cords, fibrous tissue, made of collagen
a-flat or ribbon shaped tendons
f- laminae, found in all regions, invest structures
sf-below integument, connects skin with deep fascia

Question 25

How do you suture?

Answer 25

Along tension lines

Question 26

What is the most important skin layer to heal?

Answer 26

The dermis b/c of the healing elements such as the blood supply and extracellular matrix necessary for healing

Question 27

What are the zones of burns?

Answer 27

zone of hyperemia (recover), stasis (unsure), coagulation (death)

Question 28

What happens to your body when severely burned?

Answer 28

Vasodilation, system hypotension, end organ hypoperfusion, bronchoconstriction (distress sometimes), rapid metabolic rate, down regulation of immune response (serious infection risk)

Question 29

What is a first degree burn?

Answer 29

Epidermal layer pink, painful, edematous, heals 3-5 days w/o scarring from sun, flame, flash

Question 30

What is a superficial second degree burn?

Answer 30

Epidermis and papillary region of dermis, blisters, bullae, serous fluid, cherry red moist, painful, edematous. Heals in 7-28 days causes: flame, flash, scald, contact

Question 31

What is a deep second degree burn?

Answer 31

Epidermis and reticular region of dermis with blisters, bullae, serous fluid, pale ivory moist, painful, sensation, edematous, heals in 7-28 days with variable scarring cause: flame, flash, scald, contact

Question 32

What is third degree full thickness burns?

Answer 32

Extends into subcutaneous tissue, white yellow brown leathery appearance, loss of elasticity, marked edema, painless to touch, requires grafting causes: electricity, flame, chemicals, prolonged exposure

Question 33

What is a fourth degree burn?

Answer 33

extends to muscle, loss of function, black, charred appearance, maybe amputation causes: very long exposure to flame, chemicals, and high voltage

Question 34

Rule of nines?

Answer 34

Head, chest, abdomen, upper back, lower back, front L leg, back L leg, front R leg, back R leg, L arm, R arm all 9%

Question 35

How do you manage burns?

Answer 35

- fluid resuscitation to further tissue damage, increases cardiac output, preventing end organ damage - airway management

Question 36

What is the Parkland formula?

Answer 36

guideline for fluid resuscitation V=4*kg*% burned, 1/2 given over first 8 hours, 1/2 given over next 16 hours