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Anatomy > Back > Flashcards

Back Flashcards

1
Q

How many cervical vertebra are there?

A

7

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2
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12

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3
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

A

5

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4
Q

How many segments of the sacrum are there?

A

5

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5
Q

How many segments of the coccyx are there?

A

4

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6
Q

How are cervical and lumbar lordosis related?

A

Both developed during childhood
Both angled backward (2nd degree curvature)

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7
Q

How are thoracic and sacral kyphosis related?

A

Both leaning forward, 1 degree curvature, present during fetal development

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8
Q

Back clinical correlates

A

scoliosis, lateral
lordosis, increase in lumbar curves
kyphosis hump back (osteoporosis)

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9
Q

Why is the vertebral foramen important?

A

Forms the canal where the spinal cord, meninges, fat, spinal nerve roots, and vessels are

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10
Q

Why is L4/L5 important?

A

Where most back pain is

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11
Q

Where is the atlanto-occipital joint?

A

In between the foramen magnum and C1

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12
Q

What is a hangman’s fracture?

A

hyperextension trauma injury, with prevertebral soft tissue swelling, rupture of the anterior longitudinal ligament, anterior dislocation of the C2 body, and interarticularis fractures

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13
Q

What is the anterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Anterior ligament extending from C1 to the sacrum. Wide, located on vertebral bodies
Limits extension

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14
Q

What is the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Narrow, weaker, on the posterior side of the spine, within vertebral canal. This limits flexion.

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15
Q

What is the nuchal/nuchae ligament?

A

Median ligament of the neck –> substitutes as bone for muscle attachment for C3-C5 spinous processes
looks like a fin

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16
Q

What is the ligament flavum?

A

between the lamina, thick tarp-like ligament that stops abrupt flexion, preventing injury to the intervertebral discs.

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17
Q

What are the accessory ligaments?

A

Intraspinous between spinous processes, supraspinous, and intertransverse

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18
Q

How long is the spinal cord?

A

about 45 cm

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19
Q

Where does the conus medullaris end?

A

L1-L2 in adults

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20
Q

Where does the conus medullaris end in neonates?

A

L3

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21
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

The end of the spinal cord, which sends and receives messages between lower limbs and pelvic organs which consist of the bladder, rectum, and internal genital organs

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22
Q

When should you immediately be concerned regarding a patient with back pain?

A

If they complain of any issues with bladder, rectum, or genital organs which could mean a more serious nerve issue.

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23
Q

What is dura mater?

A

outermost layer of the meninges, which has a tough dural sac which ends at the 2nd sacral vertebrae. Spinal blocks are given between L3 & L4 or L4 & L5

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24
Q

What is arachnoid mater?

A

The middle layer, separated by dura-arachnoid

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25
Q

What is the pia mater?

A

vascular membrane that covers the spinal cord, separated from the arachnoid mater by the subarachnoid space, with CSF. Covers nerve roots and spinal cord vessels

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26
Q

How is the spinal cord held in place?

A

Filum terminale ( long piece of cauda equina)

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27
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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28
Q

How are spinal nerves diveded?

A

poster/dorsal or anterior/ventral

29
Q

where do the spinal nerve roots exit the spine?

A

through intervertebral foramina

30
Q

How are the cervical different from the thoracic and lumbar when considering innervation?

A

Cervical exits above their corresbonding vertebral body, thoracic/lumbar exits below

31
Q

What is annulus fibrosus?

A

a ring of ligament fibers that connects the spinal vertebrae above and below disc

32
Q

What is nucleus pulposus?

A

Jelly like material (mostly water), vertebral disc to withstand forces of compression/torsion

33
Q

What is a herniated disc?

A

Mostly L4/L5 or L5/S1, or cervical . caused by heavy lifting or violent rotation where the nucleus pulposus squeezes out and is infringing upon the nerves

34
Q

What is the trapezius’ origin?

A

External occipital protuberance, spinous process of vertebrae C7-T12, “nuchal ligament”

35
Q

What is the trapezius’ insertion?

A

clavicle, acromion process, spine of scapula

36
Q

What is the trapezius’ arterial supply and innervation?

A

transverse cervical artery, spinal accessory nerve

37
Q

What is the trapezius action?

A

rotation, retraction, elevation, depression

38
Q

Where is the origin of the latissimus dorsi?

A

T7-L5 spinous processes, inferior angle, thoracolumbar fascia

39
Q

Where is the insertion of the latissimus dorsi?

A

intertubercular groove of the humerus

40
Q

What is the arterial supply and innervation of lats dorsi?

A

thoracodorsal branch off the subscapular artery and thoracodorsal nerve

41
Q

What is the latissmus dorsi actions?

A

adducts, extends, and internally rotates the arm

42
Q

Where is the thoracolumbar fascia?

A

Site of attachment sort of by your tailbone in a triangle shape

43
Q

What is the rhomboids’ origin?

A

C7-T1, T2-T5

44
Q

What is the rhomboids’ insertion?

A

Medial border of scapula

45
Q

What is the rhomboids action?

A

retract scapula, rotate, depress glenoid cavity, fix scapula to wall

46
Q

What is the rhomboids’ innervation and blood supply?

A

dorsal scapular nerve & dorsal scapular artery

47
Q

What is the levator scapulae?

A

Muscle extending from medial top scapula border to C1. Elevates scapula, rotates scapula

48
Q

What is the levator scapulae’s innervation and blood supply?

A

dorsal scapular nerve, brachial plexus and deep branch of dorsal scapular artery

49
Q

What is the serratus posterior muscle?

A

forced inspiration (superior), forced expiration (inferior),

T1 downwards to intercostal (superior)
T11 up to intercostal (inferior)

50
Q

HOTEL SPA (supply for scapula)

A

Highest thoracic artery
O
Thoracoacromial trunk
E
Lateral thoracic artery

Subscapular artery
Posterior Humeral Circumflex artery
Anterior Circumflex artery

51
Q

How to remember supply for the scapula?

A

HOTEL SPA (6)

52
Q

How many scapula vasculatures do you need to know?

A

6

53
Q

What is on the superficial layer of the back?

A

Splenius cervicis (T6 to C1 transverse process) and splenius capititis (T4 to mastoid process)

54
Q

What are the erector spinae muscles?

A

iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis

55
Q

What does the iliocostalis do?

A

Extends and lateral flexes spine (outermost)

56
Q

What does longissimus do?

A

extends spine (middle)

57
Q

What does spinalis do?

A

Lateral flexion of spine (closest to spine)

58
Q

What is the H for in HOTELSPA?

A

highest thoracic artery

59
Q

What is the T for HOTELSPA?

A

thoracoacromial trunk

60
Q

What is the L for HOTELSPA?

A

Lateral thoracic artery

61
Q

What is the S for HOTELSPA?

A

Subscapular artery

62
Q

What is the P for HOTELSPA?

A

posterior humeral circumflex artery

63
Q

What is the A for HOTELSPA?

A

anterior circumflex artery

64
Q

What can sciatica be caused by?

A

herniation of L5-S1

65
Q

What is the most common herniation?

A

L4-L5

66
Q

Where is the most common winging of the scapula?

A

Medial winging, caused by injury to the long thoracic nerve

67
Q

How do you examine winging with an injury to the long thoracic nerve?

A

Occurs medially. Have patient stand, put both hands on wall, hands pressed against the wall

68
Q

How do you examine winging with an injury to the dorsal scapular nerve?

A

Occurs laterally. Patient needs to place their hand behind their back or against the wall

69
Q

What nerves are affected if winging occurs medially (1) and laterally (2)?

A

1-long thoracic nerve
2-dorsal scapular nerve

Anatomy (19 decks)

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