Thorax & Lungs Flashcards
The thorax is the region between the ___ and the ____ and it contains the heart, the lungs, and numerous nerves and vessels, some of which pass from the head all the way down to the abdomen and some are just going through the thorax.
neck and the abdomen
There is a (anterior/superior) thoracic aperture and an (posterior/inferior) thoracic aperture.
superior; inferior
The posterior boundary of the superior thoracic aperture is the (first/second) thoracic vertebra.
first
The lateral boundary of the superior thoracic aperture is a pair of ribs. So there is one on each side and it will be rib (1/2).
1
The anterior boundary of the superior thoracic aperture is the superior aspect of the ____.
manubrium
With the (anterior/superior) thoracic aperture we essentially have a hole going into the thoracic cage.
superior
Structures that enter the superior thoracic aperture include the ______, the ______, and various blood vessels and nerves and some of them will go through the (inferior/superior) thoracic aperture from the head and neck and go out through the (inferior/superior) thoracic aperture
trachea; esophagus; superior; inferior
The inferior thoracic aperture is the communication between the thorax and the abdomen and what separates the thorax from the abdomen is the _____ diaphragm.
respiratory
The posterior boundary of the inferior thoracic aperture is the (11th/12th) thoracic vertebra.
12th
The postero lateral boundary of the inferior thoracic aperture is going to be the pair of (5th/11th)) and (6th/12th) ribs.
11th and 12th
The anterolateral boundary of the inferior thoracic aperture is the costocartilage which is the costal ____ and it is made up of the costal cartilages of ribs (7-10/11-12).
arch; 7-10
The most anterior boundary of the inferior thoracic aperture is going to be the (costochondral/xiphisternal) joint
xiphisternal
Structures that are entering and leaving the inferior thoracic aperture include the ______, the _____, and the _____. They will pass into the abdomen through the opening in the diaphragm.
inferior vena cava, esophagus, and the aorta
The thoracic bodies have these little facets in the posterolateral corners inferiorly and superiorly. They are called ____ because they aren’t full facets. They are going to be articulations for the ribs, specifically the (costochondral/costovertebral) joints.
demi-facets; costovertebral
Coming off of the posterior neural arch are the (spinous/transverse) processes and they have a facet (#2) and it’ll have a facet where the ribs attach and that is the (costovertebral/costotransverse) joints.
transverse; costotransverse
The typical ribs are ribs (1-6/3-9).
3-9
Each of the typical ribs will have a head which is on the (anterior/posterior) aspect of the thoracic cage and there will be 2 facets which will be an (inferior/anterior) and (superior/posterior) facet on that head. Those facets are separated by the (crest/treasure) of the head. They are going to be the articulation from the ribs to the (costotransverse/costovertebral) joints.
posterior; inferior and superior; crest; costovertebral
The demi-facets that were on the posterolateral corner of the vertebra is where these facets articulate and create the (costovertebral/costotransverse) joints.
costovertebral
For the typical rib, _ rib articulates with _ vertebral bodies. Using rib 5 as an example, it articulates with the t_ vertebral body and the vertebral body (above/below) it. So rib 5 will articulate with t_ and t_. So you have one vertebral body, a disk, another vertebral body, and the rib sits right in-between.
1; 2; t5; above; t5 and t4
So the ribs are named based on the vertebral body that articulates on that (superior/inferior) facet.
inferior
From the head of the rib we move lateral to the (body/neck) of the rib and the neck is the connection between the head and the shaft of the rib at the level of the ___ of the rib. The start of the shaft is the tubercle. The tubercle has some facets on it as well (articular part and nonarticular part). The (articular/non articular) part is a facet that attaches to the facet on the (spinous/transverse) process. So the tubercle becomes the junction between the neck or body (shaft) of the rib. The shaft projects laterally and then anteriorly and then inferiorly. So you’ll see a (incline/decline) as it goes around your trunk. Running along the entire length of the shaft is a groove on the inferior aspect of the shaft called the ___ groove and in this groove we are going to find ____ nerves and blood vessels.
neck; tubercle; articular; transverse; decline; costal; intercostal
The intercostal nerves and blood vessels are (superficial/deep) to the internal intercostal muscles.
deep
The ribs attach on the level of the (same/superior) transverse process when it attaches laterally. So the (same/superior) vertebra the rib is named for is the transverse process that it attaches to.
same; same
Atypical ribs include rib (1/3), (2/4), and (8-9/10-12).
1; 2; 10-12
Ribs 1 and 2 are (shorter/taller) than the typical ribs and they are (highly/minimally) curved, meaning they have (less/more) curves than the typical ribs.
shorter; highly; more
The 1st rib only articulates with the (1st/2nd) thoracic vertebra.
1st
Ribs 10-12 also only articulate with _ vertebral body which is their (associated/superior) vertebra.
1; associated
Rib 11 and rib 12 (do/do not) articulate with their transverse process, they just come off the vertebral body.
do not
(True/False) ribs form a complete arch between the vertebra of the spinal column and the sternum of the chest.
True
The first _ pairs of ribs makeup the true ribs (ribs -).
7; 1-7
As the (true/false) ribs come around they are going to attach to a costal cartilage junction which is going to create a (fibrous/synchondrosis) joint.
true; synchondrosis
A synchondrosis joint is a (fibrous/cartilaginous) joint.
cartilaginous
That costal cartilage that the bone is attaching to then goes and attaches to the sternum and at the sternum it creates the (sternochondral/sternocostal) joint.
sternocostal
The sternocostal joint is a (cartilaginous/synovial) joint.
synovial
So with the (true/false) ribs, you have the rib coming around and it ends before it articulates with the sternum and it articulates with this chunk of cartilage. On the lateral side it creates this (cartilaginous/synovial) joint and on the medial side it articulates with the sternum to create a (cartilaginous/synovial) joint.
true; cartilaginous; synovial
The false ribs are ribs -.
8-10
The false ribs have cartilage on their anterior ends that join with the cartilage from the vertebra directly (inferior/superior) to it. So essentially for ribs 10, 9, & 8, their costal cartilage runs superior and attaches to the costal cartilage of rib _. So they each attach on to the one (below/above) them and that joins with rib _.
superior; 7; above; 7
The false ribs’ connection to the sternum is (direct/indirect) and they will join to the costal cartilage of rib 7.
indirect
Ribs _ and _ are floating ribs and their most (medial/lateral) ends end in the (anterior/posterior) abdominal wall musculature.
11 and 12; lateral; posterior
The costovertebral and costotransverse joint are (cartilaginous/synovial) joints
synovial
The manubrium is the most (inferior/superior) portion of the sternum.
superior
Superior on the manubrium is the ___ notch also known as the suprasternal notch.
jugular
Inferior on the sternum is the ____ angle, also called the manubriosternal joint (the fusion between the manubrium and the body of the sternum).
sternal
So the _ rib attaches at the sternal angle.
2nd
The body of the sternum attaches to ribs - at their costal notches.
3-7
The xiphoid process is at the level of the T_ vertebra.
10
The xiphisternal joint is where the body of the sternum and the xiphoid process meet and this is at the level of T_.
9
T9 is an important landmark because you find the most superior level of the ___, the central tendon of the _____ and the inferior portion of the _____. So all 3 layers of those 3 different structures are at T9 at the xiphisternal joint.
liver; diaphragm; heart
The T2 rib is level with T_ vertebral body.
5
The _____ space is the space between the ribs. There are intercostal _____, _____, and ______ in this space.
intercostal; muscles, nerves, and blood vessels
The (internal/external) intercostal muscles run inferomedial. The (internal/external) intercostal muscles do not reach the sternum and they stop at midline on the ipsilateral sternum. So this is around the same line as the semilunar lines in the abdomen (they are pretty close to the semilunar line).
external; external
There is a whitish semi transparent tissue in the area of the intercostal space and that is the external intercostal _____, which finishes the connection from the (internal/external) intercostal layer to the (spine/sternum).
membrane; external; sternum
The internal intercostal muscles come off of the (spine/sternum) and runs inferolateral (90 degree difference in direction from the external intercostals). They don’t reach all the way around the (spine/sternum) like the external intercostal muscles.
sternum; spine
The (internal/external) intercostal muscles start at the spine and work their way around and do not reach the sternum. The (internal/external) intercostal muscles start anteriorly at the sternum but do not reach the spine.
external; internal
The internal intercostal _____ finishes off the remaining 20-30% of the muscle that does not reach the spine.
membrane
The external and internal intercostal membrane is probably (loose/dense) connective tissue.
loose
There is a layer called the ____ intercostal layer that is running in the same exact direction as the (internal/external) intercostal muscles, paralleling them.
innermost; internal
The muscles in the innermost intercostal layer run parallel, but they are incomplete, meaning they (do/do not) reach the spine and they do not reach the sternum.
do not
The blood vessels and nerves that run along the costal groove are (superficial/deep) to the internal intercostals and they are (superficial/deep) to the innermost intercostals.
deep; superficial
The intercostal nerve and arteries are going to split in the (anterior/posterior) aspect of the thorax into a (primary/collateral) branch that runs along the costal groove and a (primary/collateral) branch that runs inferiorly (superior border of the rib below) in that intercostal space. When it gets around (anteriorly/posteriorly) they are going to rejoin together again.
posterior; primary; collateral; anteriorly
The primary nerve/branch from the intercostal neurovascular bundle runs in the _____ groove while the collateral branch does not.
subcostal
The intercostal nerves from T7-T12 come out of the thorax and into the abdomen and become the ______ nerves. It is the same overall nerve, but different names for different areas.
thoracoabdominal
The thoracic cavity is going to contain the lungs and the lungs sit in the (pleural/pericardial) cavity.
pleural
The heart sits in the _____ which is the (pleural/pericardial) cavity.
mediastinum; pericardial
The thoracic cavity has two separate cavities - a right and left (pleural/pericardial) cavity and the (pleural/pericardial) cavity.
pleural; pericardial
Deep to the lungs is the pericardial cavity where the ____ lives.
heart
The (pleural/pericardial) cavity is essentially a potential space and that space is the space between the outer surfaces of the (lungs/thorax) and the inner surface of the (lungs/thorax). Between those two layers there is a small amount of fluid.
pleural; lungs; thorax
The pleura is made up of 2 layers: the layer that surrounds the lung is the (parietal/visceral) layer and the layer that lines the inner surface of the thoracic wall is the (parietal/visceral) layer.
visceral; parietal
There is a ____ part, _____part, _____part, and _____part that make up the (parietal/visceral) layer. These are continuous with each other. You can see the mediastinal layer attaching to the visceral pleura on both sides of the main bronchus that is entering the lung.
cervical; costal; diaphragmatic; mediastinal; parietal
The _____ and _____ pleura are continuous with the root of the lungs
visceral and parietal
The ____ of the lungs is where everything enters or exits the lungs.
root
For the visceral pleura to expand and be in contact the parietal pleura we need a (positive/negative) pressure system.
negative
A collapsed lung means the negative pressure is no longer negative and it is (double negative/positive) and it compresses down on the lung through the (parietal/visceral) layer.
positive; visceral
There are 2 recesses in the pleural cavity. The _____ recess is along the diaphragm and this recess is some extra space. The _____ recess is some extra space. When you need to take a deep breath in and expand your lungs up to their maximum they have to have a place to go.
costodiaphragmatic; costomediastinal
The costodiaphragmatic recess is between the ____ and the _____ .
ribs; diaphragm
The costomediastinal recess is between the ___ and the ____ .
ribs; mediastinum
There are _ lobes and _ fissures on the right lung.
3; 2
On the right lung, the _____ fissure separates the superior lobe from the middle lobe.
horizontal
On the right lung, the _____ fissure separates the middle lobe from the inferior lobe.
oblique
The left lung has _ lobes and _ fissure.
2; 1
On the left lung, the _____ fissure separates the superior and inferior lobe.
oblique
The hilum is a wedge shaped region on the (medial/lateral) aspect of each lung. The hilum is the area where the structures that form the ___ of the lung enter and leave. Inside the hilum you see all these blood vessels and airways.
medial; root
The root of the lungs consists of structures that enter and leave. Inside the root of the lungs you have the main _____ and the pulmonary and bronchial vessels (pulmonary _____, pulmonary ____, bronchial _____, and bronchial ____).
bronchus; arteries; veins; arteries; veins
The pulmonary arteries carry (oxygenated/deoxygenated) blood.
deoxygenated
The pulmonary veins carry (oxygenated/deoxygenated) blood because they are going from the ____ out to the body.
oxygenated; lungs
The pulmonary nerve plexi enter in the hilum zone and provide visceral (somatic/efferent) and (somatic/afferent) fibers (the ___ nerve and the thoracic _____ chain).
efferent; afferent; vagus; sympathetic
There are _____ vessels in the hilum zone/root of the lungs area and they deal with clearing all of the debris that we suck into our lungs.
lymphatic
On the right lung, on the base of the lungs there is the depression for the ____.
diaphragm
On the medial aspect of the right lung there is a ____ depression, the (inferior/superior) vena cava, the arch of the ____ vein, and the _____ depression.
cardiac; superior; azygous; esophagus
On the left lung, on the base of the lung is the depression for the ____.
diaphragm
On the left lung, medially we have the groove of the ____, the (ascending/descending) aorta, and the depression from the ___ (cardiac impression)?
aorta; descending; heart
