Mediastinum & Heart Flashcards
The mediastinum is this area between the two ___ and the ____ cavities.
lungs; pleural
The anterior boundary of the mediastinum is the ____.
sternum
The posterior boundary of the mediastinum is the whole ____ spine .
thoracic
The mediastinum is divided into a (anterior/superior) and (posterior/inferior) mediastinum and the division is a horizontal line passing from the _____ angle to the intervertebral space between t_ and t_.
superior; inferior; sternal; t4 and t5
In the middle of the inferior mediastinum is the ____ and _____of the mediastinum.
heart; pericardium
The anterior boundary of the superior mediastinum is the _____.
manubrium
The posterior boundary of the superior mediastinum is going to be t_ – t_.
t1-t4
The ___ and _____ go through the superior mediastinum, as well as the _____ gland
trachea; esophagus; thymus
The esophagus is (in front of/behind) the trachea.
behind
The thymus gland is a lymphatic organ that is involved in (t/c) cell production and it grows in size in development until puberty where it then shrinks and in adults it usually replaced by fat and connective tissue.
t
The (right/left) side of the body has the brachiocephalic artery. Where It splits to ______ and ______ arteries is the upper level of the ____ gland.
right; subclavian and common carotid; thymus
When you look for the thymus gland, look right about where the __ cage was cut open.
rib
Apart from the esophagus, trachea, and the thymus gland there are other structures that are in the superior mediastinum. There is the ____ arch and its’ 3 main branches (______ artery, left ____ artery, left _____ artery), the ______ veins, (inferior/superior) vena cava, _____ nerves, and the ____ nerves.
aortic; brachiocephalic; common carotid; subclavian; brachiocephalic; superior; phrenic; vagus
The brachiocephalic veins drain into the (inferior/superior) vena cava.
superior
In the superior mediastinum, there is the (phrenic/vagus) nerve splitting into cardiac, pulmonary, and esophageal plexi.
vagus
The vagus nerve in the superior mediastinum region is going to be supplying (VSE/GVA) and (VSA/GVE) nerves to the viscera of the thorax (heart and lungs) and the abdomen.
GVA; GVE
The vagal trunks still run south and have to go into the ____. They are going to pass through the _____ into the _____.
abdomen; diaphragm; abdomen
The vagal trunk goes behind the (lungs/heart) and follows along with the thoracic portion of the (ascending/descending) aorta.
heart; descending
The phrenic nerve is the sole motor supply to the _____ diaphragm. Approximately 1/3 of its fibers are (sensory/visceral) since it is coming form the diaphragm.
respiratory; sensory
The phrenic nerve will be anterior to the ____ of the lungs and enter that region between the ____ artery and the origin of the _____ vein.
root; subclavian; brachiocephalic
The _____ arteriosum is the remnant of the fetal ductus arteriosus when the baby is developing.
ligamentum
The ligamentum arteriosum is running between the ____ arch and the ____ trunk.
aortic; pulmonary
The thoracic duct is on the (right/left) side of the body and it empties the majority of the _____ fluid from our body, draining it into the venous system.
left; lymph
The thoracic duct is right in between the _____ vein and the ______ vein.
internal jugular; subclavian
The thoracic duct joins in on the internal jugular vein and if you look at the corner you should find it. If you don’t find it, follow the vertebral bodies of the spine and it runs right along the anterior vertebral column between the (ascending/descending) aorta and the (subclavian/azygous) vein.
descending; azygous
The pericardium is in the (superior/inferior) mediastinum.
inferior
A fibrous pericardial layer is the most (inner/outer) layer and it is fibrous tissue that creates this outer layer and surrounds the entire (lung/heart) and it is continuous with the great vessels of the _____ and central tendon of the respiratory ______.
outer; heart; heart; diaphragm
The inner layer to the outer sac of the pericardium is called the serous pericardium (parietal/visceral) layer and the layer that wraps around the entire heart itself on the heart tissue is the serous pericardium (parietal/visceral) layer.
parietal; visceral
For the pericardium we have a parietal serous layer and a visceral serous layer which is also known as the _____. These layers are continuous with each other and they are continuous with the great vessels of the ____.
epicardium; heart
The pericardial cavity in a fully grown heart is a potential space filled with a small amount of fluid and that fluid is between the _____ and _____serous layers.
parietal and visceral
The fibrous layer which is the most outer layer and the serous (parietal/visceral) layer are attached to each other and then you have this little thin space of fluid, and then you have the (parietal/visceral) serous layer.
parietal; visceral
The anterior surface of the heart is the _____ surface, meaning it is related to the sternum. In this surface you will see mainly the right (atria/ventricle), a little bit of the left (atria/ventricle), and you will see the right and left _____ appendages.
sternocostal; ventricle; ventricle; auricular
The inferior surface of the heart is known as the _____ surface, therefore it is related to the diaphragm.
What we see here mainly is the left ____, a portion of the right _____, the inferior aspect of the right _____, and this surface is closely related to the central tendon of the respiratory ____.
diaphragmatic; ventricle; ventricle; atrium; diaphragm
The posterior surface of the heart is the (apex/base) of the heart.
base
The posterior surface of the heart is formed predominantly by the (right/left) atrium. There is a lesser contribution from the (right/left) atrium.
left; right
The posterior surface of the heart aligns with the vertebral bodies of T_-T_
T6-T9
Between the vertebral bodies and the heart you will find the (trachea/esophagus) and the (ascending/descending) aorta.
esophagus; descending
The apex of the heart is directed in an (superomedial/inferolateral) direction to the (right/left) and is (anterior/posterior) to the (right/left) _ intercostal space in the midclavicular line.
inferolateral; left; posterior; left 5th
The apex of the heart is formed by the tip of the (right/left) (atrium/ventricle).
left; ventricle
The right atrium receives (oxygenated/deoxygenated) blood from the body and it comes from the _____ and _____ vena cava and the _____ sinus.
deoxygenated; superior and inferior; coronary
The right atrium has a (smooth-thin/rough-thick) muscular wall.
smooth-thin
The auricular appendages in the right atrium are covered in _____ muscle and these appendages are an overflow area to (increase/decrease) the capacity of the atrium. So it creates a small muscular pouch.
pectinate; increase
The main heart blood vessel is the _____ sinus and it brings (deoxygenated/oxygenated) blood to the heart.
coronary; deoxygenated
The blood goes rom the right atrium and it flows into the right (vena cava/ventricle) and pumps (oxygenated/deoxygenated) blood to the pulmonary (trunk/vein) which splits into right and left pulmonary (arteries/veins).
ventricle; deoxygenated; trunk; arteries
Inside the right ventricle is a much (thinner/thicker) wall compared to the right atrium and in that wall we find (pectinate muscle/trabeculae carneae) . It is similar to the pectinate muscle and makes muscular ridges throughout the ventricle wall
thicker; trabeculae carneae
The left atrium has a (smooth/rough) muscle making up the inner wall and the left auricle has (pectinate/trabeculae carneae) in it.
smooth; pectinate
The blood coming into the left atrium is (deoxygenated/oxygenated) coming from the right and left pulmonary (arteries/veins) on each side.
oxygenated; veins
The left atrium brings (deoxygenated/oxygenated) blood back to the (heart/lungs) from the (heart/lungs).
oxygenated; heart; lungs
From the left atrium to the ventricle, we see (pectinate muscle/trabeculae carneae) on the (thin/thick) muscular wall.
trabeculae carnae; thick
The left ventricle has a (thinner/thicker) wall than the right ventricle due to having to pump blood throughout the body.
thicker
With the heart we have the _____ valves and the ______ valves.
atrioventricular; semilunar
The atrioventricular valves are between the ____ and the _____ .
atria and the ventricles
Between the right atria and right ventricle on the right side of the heart is the (bicuspid/tricuspid) valve and (two/three) cusps make it up.
tricuspid; three
Between the left atria and the left ventricle on the left side of the heart is the (bicuspid/tricuspid) valve and (two/three) cusps make it up. The (bicuspid/tricuspid) valve is also called the mitral valve.
bicuspid; two; bicuspid
Attached to the cusps or valves on the tricuspid and bicuspid valves are ____ muscles and ______.
papillary; chordae tendineae
The papillary muscles are in the (atrium/ventricles). The papillary muscles are attached to the (atrial/ventricular) walls and the chordae tendineae are attached to the most (inferior/superior) tip of the _____ muscle and the chordae tendineae run up and attach to the cusps of the valves.
ventricles; ventricular; superior; papillary
The pulmonary trunk splits into the pulmonary (arteries/veins).
arteries
What three branches branch off of the aortic arch?
The brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, and the left subclavian artery
The pulmonary trunk contains the ______ valve and there are _ cusps in the pulmonary trunk.
pulmonary; three
Blood comes to the heart via the ______ and _____ vena cava. It fills up the right ___ and that blood starts to take up a large volume of space and the pressure builds because now it is expanded and it is full of blood. Muscle contraction of the right ____ is next and it builds the pressure even more. Then it goes from the right atria to the right ____ through the right _____ valve. That blood is going to cause the right AV valve to (close/open). Blood pours into the ventricle and at the same time the semilunar valves of the pulmonary trunk are (closed/opened). Then what is going to happen is the blood from the right atrium now fills up the right ventricle and the contraction now moves from atria to ventricle and the pressure builds which then (closes/opens) up the semilunar valves of the pulmonary trunk. And at the same time as the right ventricle contracts, the tricuspid valves (close/open) to keep the blood from going back into the right atria. All of this is related to pressure changes. As the muscle contracts, the pressure builds up and causes the next valve to open while the other valve gets closed. When the atrioventricular valve is open, the semilunar valve is (closed/open). When the semilunar valve is open, the atrioventricular valve is (closed/open).
superior and inferior; atria; atria; ventricle; atrioventricular; open; closed; opens; close; closed; closed
On the left side, the blood is coming from the (lungs/heart) to the left ____ via the pulmonary ___. It fills up, the left ___ contracts, fills up the pressure opening up the _____valves, blood flows into the left _____. The left ventricle goes to contract and the backpressure closes the ____ valve and at the same time opening the ____ valve. As blood goes out and up over the arch but there isn’t enough force for the last bit to get over that arch, so some falls back, it fills up the little gutters and closes the ____ valves.
lungs; atria; veins; atria; mitral; ventricle; mitral; semilunar; semilunar
The semilunar valves act to (allow/prevent) backflow of blood from the _____ to the _____ during ventricular diastole and help maintain pressure on the major arteries.
prevent; arteries to the ventricles
The papillary muscle and chordae tendineae are attached to the (AV/semilunar) valves.
AV
The papillary muscle is coming off of the ____ wall and the chordae tendineae is coming off of the tip of the (papillary muscle/cardiac wall) and attaches to the (cardiac wall/valve).
cardiac; papillary muscle; valve
The papillary muscles and the chordae tendineae allow the valves to (open/close) and hold station, but no go through and go running all the way through into the atrium. So their contraction would be (isometric/eccentric) for the most part because by the time they get to their full closure, the backpressure has dissipated.
close; eccentric
The right and left coronary arteries arise from the (ascending/descending) aorta.
ascending
Inside the ascending aorta are two cavities, and they are the aortic _____ and they are a pouch like area that sits behind the cusps of the (AV/semilunar) valves.
sinuses; semilunar
From the right coronary artery, there is the right (anterior/posterior) _____ branch also known as the (anterior/posterior) descending branch. It is between the two (arteries/ventricles) in the interventricular ____.
posterior interventricular; posterior; ventricles; sulcus
The branch that runs along the anterior edge of the (apex/base) of the heart is the ______ artery and it comes off of the right ____ artery.
base; marginal; coronary
The left coronary artery has the (anterior/posterior) _____ branch, also known as the (anterior/posterior) descending branch and it runs to the apex in the interventricular ____. As we follow it around to the posterior side there is the _____ branch.
anterior interventricular; anterior; sulcus; circumflex
The circumflex branch continues around the (anterior/posterior) surface of the heart along the atrioventricular _____. So it is a continuation of the (right/left) coronary artery.
posterior; sulcus; left
The great cardiac vein runs with the (anterior/posterior) ______ artery.
anterior interventricular
The small cardiac vein goes from anterior to posterior and runs with the (right/left) ______ artery in the (interventricular/atrioventricular) _____towards the (anterior/posterior) aspect of the heart.
right coronary; atrioventricular sulcus; posterior
The middle cardiac vein runs along the (anterior/posterior) (interventricular/atrioventricular) sulcus with the (anterior/posterior) (interventricular/atrioventricular) artery.
posterior interventricular ; posterior interventricular
The esophagus runs from the neck descending through the superior and posterior portions of the ______ before passing through the ____ hiatus of the diaphragm. This hiatus is at T_.
mediastinum; esophageal; T10
Near the esophagus is the ______ vein and it runs to the (superior/inferior) vena cava.
azygous; superior
The sympathetic trunk (chain) of the thoracic region has nodule looking things with a nerve running in between them. Those nodule looking things are the ____ of the sympathetic nervous system of the sympathetic chain. There are tracts that run in between them and they are going to provide (autonomic/sympathetic) nervous system input to the (cervical/thoracic) region and they will be found just (medial/lateral) to the vertebral bodies.
ganglia; sympathetic; thoracic; lateral
Coming off of the sympathetic chain is the _____ nerves and there are different branches of these nerves. They kind of parallel when they move further anterior in the sympathetic chain.
splanchnic
The intercostal veins join with the ____ vein
azygous
The azygous vein is on the (right/left) side of the body
right
In the posterior mediastinum we have the descending aorta that is (anterior/posterior) to the root of the left lung and its’ position is anterior-lateral to the vertebral bodies and will run down the (cervical/thoracic) vertebral bodies and exit through the ____ at the level of t_.
posterior; thoracic; diaphragm; T12
The hemiazygous and accessory azygous vein are on the (right/left) side of the body and go up and into the (superior/inferior) vena cava.
left; superior
The accessory hemizygous is (lower/higher) in the upper thoracic region and the hemiazygous vein is (lower/higher) in the thoracic.
higher; lower
In the posterior mediastinum the thoracic duct will be found right along the (anterior/posterior) portion of the vertebral bodies. You should also find it right where it attaches between the ______ vein and the _____ vein.
anterior; internal jugular; subclavian
The thoracic duct is the (smallest/largest) lymphatic vessel in the body and it conveys (1/2/ALL) of the lymphatic fluid (below/above) the respiratory diaphragm and from the left half of the body (below/above) the diaphragm.
largest; ALL; below; above
The right lymphatic duct only handles the upper (right/left) quadrant.
right
The accessory azygous vein and hemiazygous vein have branches that are running across the spine to get to the ____ vein. So there is a network between the ____ vein on the right, the hemiazygous on the left and the accessory azygous vein on the left.
azygous; azygous
