Leg, Ankle, & Foot

Question 1

The great saphenous vein goes to the (femoral/subsartorial) vein in the thigh in the femoral triangle.

Answer 1

femoral

Question 2

In the hand, the midline is the middle digit and it happens to be the longest digit. The midline of the foot is the (first/second) digit and it is the (shortest/longest) digit.

Answer 2

second; longest

Question 3

There are _ tarsals of the foot compared to the 8 carpals in the hand.

Answer 3

7

Question 4

There are _ sesamoids in the foot.

Answer 4

2

Sesamoid bones are small, pea-shaped bones that are embedded in tendons. In the foot, there are two sesamoid bones located beneath the big toe joint

Question 5

Phalanges in the foot is plural for phalanx. If you are talking about one of the bones in the digit, it is a (phalanx/phalange). If you are talking about more than one it is (phalanx/phalanges). If you are talking about a toe or finger it is a (ray/digit). If you are talking about the (digit/ray), it is including the metatarsal.

Answer 5

phalanx; phalanges; digit; ray

Question 6

The (4th & 5th/first 3 rays) include the cuneiform, the (first 3 rays/4th and the 5th) do not include the cuboid.

Answer 6

first 3 rays; 4th and the 5th

Question 7

Adduction and abduction of the foot are not in the frontal plane in the foot, it is in the (sagittal/transverse) plane.

Answer 7

transverse

Question 8

Inversion and eversion of the foot are in the (sagittal/frontal) plane.

Answer 8

frontal

Question 9

Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion are in the (sagittal/frontal) plane.

Answer 9

sagittal

Question 10

There is a talur shelf that holds the talus above it and sustains the talus so it is called the ____.

Answer 10

sustentaculum tali

The sustentaculum tali is a bony shelf on the medial side of the calcaneus (heel bone) that supports the talus (ankle bone) and serves as an attachment point for ligaments and the flexor hallucis longus tendon

Question 11

The transverse tarsal joint is the mid tarsal joint and it is between the _____ and the _____ on the medial side and it is between the _______ and the ______ on the lateral side.

Answer 11

navicular and the talus; calcaneus and the cuboid

Question 12

The transverse tarsal joint is also known as ___ joint and the ___ joint.

Answer 12

Chopart’s; midtarsal

Question 13

In the thigh, the investing fascia is the (fascia lata/crural fascia), in the leg it is called the (fascia lata/crural fascia).

Answer 13

fascia lata; crural fascia

The fascia lata is a thick band of connective tissue that encloses the thigh muscles and runs from the pelvis to the knee. It’s similar to an elastic stocking that limits the outward expansion of contracting thigh muscles and helps with venous return from the lower leg

Question 14

The crural fascia surrounds the (two/three) compartments of the leg.

Answer 14

three

The crural fascia, or deep fascia of the leg, is a thick connective tissue sheath that envelops the muscles of the lower leg, dividing it into four compartments and playing a crucial role in transmitting muscular forces and supporting the venous and lymphatic return

Question 15

There is an ____ membrane that is in-between bone in the compartments of the leg.

Answer 15

interosseous

The interosseous membrane (IOM) is a strong, fibrous connective tissue sheet that acts as a ligamentous membrane between two bones, forming a syndesmosis joint. It’s present in both the forearm and lower leg

Question 16

The lateral compartment of the leg has two muscles, what are they?

Answer 16

The fibularis longus and the fibularis brevis

Question 17

Around the lateral compartment of the leg there are two intermuscular septum, the (anterior/superior) intermuscular septum which is (anterior/posterior) to the lateral compartment and the (posterior/inferior) intermuscular septum which is (anterior/posterior) to the lateral compartment.

Answer 17

anterior; anterior; posterior; posterior

The leg’s anterior and posterior intermuscular septa are bands of fascia that separate the lateral compartment from the anterior and posterior compartments, respectively, and are crucial for compartmentalizing the leg’s muscles, nerves, and blood vessels

Question 18

In the leg, there is predominantly (one/two) nerve for each compartment that innervates the muscles in that compartment.

Answer 18

one

Question 19

The muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg are innervated by the (superficial/deep) fibular nerve.

Answer 19

deep

Question 20

The muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg are innervated by the (superficial/deep) fibular nerve.

Answer 20

superficial

Question 21

The muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg are innervated by the (fibula/tibial) nerve.

Answer 21

tibial

Question 22

In the posterior compartment of the leg there is a (superior/superficial) and (inferior/deep) compartment and the ____ intermuscular septum divides these.

Answer 22

superficial; deep; transverse

Question 23

In the (deep/superficial) compartment of the posterior compartment of the leg there is the triceps surae and the ____ muscle.

Answer 23

superficial; plantaris

The triceps surae, commonly known as the calf muscles, is a group of muscles in the superficial posterior compartment of the leg comprising the gastrocnemius (medial and lateral heads) and soleus, which insert via the Achilles tendon onto the calcaneus

Question 24

The triceps surae is composed of the lateral and medial head of the _____ muscle and then the ___.

Answer 24

gastrocnemius; soleus

Question 25

In the deep compartment of the posterior compartment of the leg there are (3/4) muscles. Name them.

Answer 25

4; tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, the flexor hallucis longus, & the popliteus The deep posterior compartment of the leg is one of the four compartments in the lower leg, containing muscles primarily involved in plantarflexion and toe flexion, with the exception of the popliteus which acts on the knee

Question 26

What muscles are in the anterior compartment of the leg?

Answer 26

The tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, and fibularis tertius

Question 27

There are thickenings of the crural fascia, and they are the ____

Answer 27

retinaculum The crural fascia, a deep fascia of the leg, thickens at the anterior ankle to form the extensor retinacula, which are bands that hold the extensor tendons in place, preventing bowstringing during ankle dorsiflexion

Question 28

The retinacula are on (two/three) sides of the foot. The extensor side is the (anterior/posterior) side which is the (dorsum/plantar) side of the foot.

Answer 28

three; anterior; dorsum

Question 29

The (fascia/retinaculum) prevents the bowstring and has the mechanical advantage like a pulley and aligns the pull of the tendon. It also has a structure to allow the septum in-between to compartmentalize the individual tendons.

Answer 29

retinaculum

Question 30

The (inferior/superior) extensor retinaculum is not always well defined

Answer 30

superior The superior extensor retinaculum is a fibrous band of tissue located on the dorsal (top) side of the ankle joint. It serves to hold and guide the extensor tendons that pass over the ankle.

Question 31

The inferior extensor retinaculum starts at the (lateral-superior/medial-inferior) portion of the calcaneous. The upper part goes to the medial (cuneiform/malleolus) and the lower part goes to the medial (malleolus/cuneiform).

Answer 31

lateral-superior; malleolus; cuneiform

Question 32

There are two fibular retinaculum which are the (anterior/superior) and (posterior/inferior) fibular retinaculum.

Answer 32

superior and inferior

Question 33

The superior fibular retinaculum goes from the lateral ______ to the ______ and anchors the (tibialis/fibularis) brevis and the longus tendons.

Answer 33

malleolus; calcaneus; fibularis

Question 34

The fibularis longus and brevis are right on top of each other and the fibularis brevis is (superficial/deeper), while the fibularis longus is more (superficial/deeper).

Answer 34

deeper; superficial

Question 35

Once the fibularis longus and brevis go to the other side of the retinacular tunnel they start to diverge and the longus is now more (superior/inferior) and will go to the (medial/lateral) side of the foot. The fibularis brevis stays above the fibularis longus and inserts into the base of the (4th/5th) metatarsal.

Answer 35

inferior; medial; 5th

Question 36

Under the inferior fibular retinaculum on the (medial/lateral) side, it attaches to the (fibularis longus/calcaneus) on both sides so it is really anchored on both sides.

Answer 36

lateral; calcaneus

Question 37

The flexor retinaculum has (two/three) tendons going underneath it in the foot and this is called the ____ tunnel (the space underneath the flexor retinaculum). These are all (flexor/extensor) tendons.

Answer 37

three; tarsal; flexor

Question 38

There are three septum that have _ compartments in the foot.

Answer 38

4

Question 39

In the first compartment of the foot you have the ____ muscle.

Answer 39

tibialis posterior

Question 40

In the second compartment of the foot you have the ____ muscle

Answer 40

flexor digitorum longus

Question 41

In the third compartment of the foot you have a neurovascular bundle composed of a nerve, artery, and a vein. The nerve is the ____ nerve and the artery is the ____ tibial artery, and the vein is the ____ tibial vein.

Answer 41

tibial; posterior; posterior

Question 42

In the fourth compartment of the foot there is the ____ muscle.

Answer 42

flexor hallucis longus

Question 43

At the distal end of the tibia and the fibula there is the (fibula/talus) which will be a part of the (talocrual/TMT) joint. This joint is commonly referred to as a tenon mortise joint.

Answer 43

talus; talocrual

Question 44

There is a lot of articulation of the (tibia/fibula) and not a lot of articulation with the (tibia/fibula) in the talocrual joint, so when you are considering weightbearing of the (tibia/fibula), not a lot of weight is put on it.

Answer 44

tibia; fibula; fibula

Question 45

The talus has the head, the neck and the body. On the (neck/body) there is the trochlea. The shape of the body has a similar shape to the pulley. It is wider more (anteriorly/posteriorly) and it is not as wide (anteriorly/posteriorly) and that is important for ankle stability in (dorsi/plantar) flexion. When the larger part is locked in to the talocrural joint there is not much mobility. That is why there is more motion in (dorsi/plantar) flexion and less motion in (dorsi/plantar) flexion in the talocrual joint.

Answer 45

body; anteriorly; posteriorly; dorsi; plantar; dorsi

Question 46

Dorsiflexion provides ankle (mobility/stability) and plantar flexion provides ankle (mobility/stability) in the talocrual joint.

Answer 46

stability; mobility

Question 47

The talocrual joint is a (fibrous/synovial) joint.

Answer 47

synovial

Question 48

The synovial capsule attaches to (half/all) the edges of the talocrual joint.

Answer 48

all

Question 49

On the (medial/lateral) portion of the talocrual joint capsule there is a thickening and it is the (ACL/MCL) and (PCL/LCL) Ligaments. On the lateral side you have the (PCL/LCL) ligaments and on the medial side you have the (ACL/MCL) ligaments.

Answer 49

lateral; MCL and LCL; LCL; MCL

Question 50

The collateral ligaments play an important role in ankle stability in the (sagittal/frontal) plane. Think (inversion and eversion/dorsi flexion and plantar flexion).

Answer 50

frontal; inversion and eversion

Question 51

There are (cruciate/tibiofibular) ligaments on the anterior and posterior side of the talocrual joint. When either one becomes sprained it is a (low/high) ankle sprain. These two ligaments as well as the ____ membrane stabilize the tibia and the fibula to (allow/prevent) gapping in weight bearing.

Answer 51

tibiofibular; high; interosseous; prevent

Question 52

The anterior and posterior (cruciate/tibiofibular) ligaments as well as the ___ membrane maintain the orientation of the tibia and the fibula. If you weight bear through the joint and they are not attached, the mortise joint now all of a sudden will no longer be stable and it will spread the bones.

Answer 52

tibiofibular; interosseous

Question 53

The main motion at the talocrural joint is mainly (inversion/dorsiflexion) and (eversion/plantar flexion).

Answer 53

dorsiflexion and plantarflexion

Question 54

On the medial side of the talocrual joint, the medial collateral ligament is also referred to as the ____ ligament. What comprises of the ___ ligament is the anterior _____, posterior _____, the joint from the tibia to the _____, and some fibers going from the tibia to the ____.

Answer 54

deltoid; deltoid; tibiotalar; tibiotalar; calcaneus; navicular

Question 55

The ligaments that all makeup the deltoid ligament work (as one/individually).

Answer 55

as one

Question 56

On the lateral side of the talocrual joint, there is the anterior _____ ligament (going from the talus to the fibula), posterior ____ ligament (going from the talus to the fibula), and a _____ fibular ligament. These are distinct ligaments and you can see them separately.

Answer 56

talofibular; talofibular; calcaneal

Question 57

The foot has _ regions. From anterior to posterior they are the ___, ____, and the ___ also called the hindfoot.d

Answer 57

3; forefoot, midfoot, and the rearfoot

Question 58

In functional circumstances or considerations, the (midfoot/rearfoot) is considered part of the forefoot especially when talking about orthotics, you’ll be comparing the forefoot and the rearfoot and not really considering the midfoot.

Answer 58

midfoot

Question 59

The (midfoot/forefoot) includes the metatarsals and the pahalanges.

Answer 59

forefoot

Question 60

The (metatarsals/tarsals) are in the midfoot and the rearfoot.

Answer 60

tarsals

Question 61

The (forefoot/midfoot) is what leads the movements of the foot, so whatever the forefoot is doing (abduction or adduction, inversion, eversion, etc), the (forefoot/midfoot) will be doing as well to some degree.

Answer 61

forefoot; midfoot

Question 62

The subtalar joint is (underneath/above) the (talus/calcaneus) so it is between the talus and the calcaneus.

Answer 62

underneath; talus

Question 63

The subtalar joint is the superior articular part of the (calcaneus/talus) and the inferior articular part of the (calcaneus/talus).

Answer 63

calcaneus; talus

Question 64

The sustentaculum tali is a part of the (talus/calcaneus).

Answer 64

calcaneus

Question 65

The subtalar joint is (laterally/medially) oriented, so that kind of throws it off balance so you need structures to then keep it in balance.

Answer 65

medially

Question 66

The subtalar joint has _ articular surfaces. There is a large (anterior/posterior) surface and _ (anterior/posterior) surfaces. These are sometimes connected, so you might only see an anterior and posterior surface.

Answer 66

3; posterior; 2; anterior

Question 67

The posterior articular surface of the subtalar joint is (low/high). As you move anteriorly it goes inferiorly and medially. The talus will slide right off of the (tibiofibular/subtalar) joint if it wasn’t for the sustentaculum tali.

Answer 67

high; subtalar; sustentaculum tali

Question 68

The (articular/ non articular) part of the subtalar joint is the ____ sinus and the ____ sinus. When they come together there is a large space called the sinus ___.

Answer 68

non articular; calcaneal; talar; tarsi

Question 69

In the (articular/ non articular) surface of the subtalar joint there is an interosseous ligament and it is called the interosseous _____ ligament and it is between the talus and the calcaneus. It is important for keeping the talus and calcaneus (separate/together) and oriented in the way that they are supposed to be oriented.

Answer 69

non articular ; talocalcaneal; together

Question 70

The talocalcaneal ligament sits in the ____ tarsi.

Answer 70

sinus

Question 71

The (anterior/posterior) articular surface of the subtalar joint has its own joint capsule and synovial fluid.

Answer 71

posterior

Question 72

The 2 anterior articular surfaces of the calcaneus are in a capsule with the (talocrual/talonavicular) joint and it is the (medial/lateral) part of the transverse tarsal joint.

Answer 72

talonavicular; medial

Question 73

The subtalar joint has two different capsules, the anterior joint capsule and the posterior joint capsule. The (anterior/posterior) joint capsule also includes the talonavicular joint which is the medial part of the transverse tarsal joint.

Answer 73

anterior

Question 74

The plantar ______ ligament, also known as the spring ligament is another very important ligament to maintain the (stability/mobility) of the subtalar joint.

Answer 74

calcaneonavicular; stability

Question 75

The plantar calcaneonavicular ligament goes from the ____ to the ____ and it is on the (dorsal/plantar) surface of the foot.

Answer 75

calcaneous; navicular; plantar

Question 76

The subtalar joint is very (medially/laterally) oriented. If you look at all the structures in the (medial/lateral) side that help support it, you can think of the forces and how it ends up being kind of balanced out. You have the ______ tali, the ___ ligament, the _ tendons passing behind the medial malleolus, and the ___ ligament to help provide the medial support.

Answer 76

medially; medial; sustentaculum; spring; 3; deltoid

Question 77

There is a synovial joint between the talus and the navicular medially and there is another one between the calcaneus and the cuboid laterally as well, which is the _____ joint.

Answer 77

transverse tarsal

Question 78

The spring ligament supports the (medial/lateral) side of the transverse tarsal joint and the long plantar ligament supports the (medial/lateral) side of the transverse tarsal joint.

Answer 78

medial; lateral

Question 79

The tendon of the fibularis longus runs right underneath the _____ ligament which is helpful for finding this ligament.

Answer 79

long plantar

Question 80

The (tarsometatarsal/intermetatarsal) joint is formed by the (tarsals/metatarsals) and the adjacent (tarsals/metatarsals). There will be _ cuneiforms and the cuboid.

Answer 80

tarsometatarsal; metatarsals; tarsals; 3

Question 81

The tarsometatarsal and intermetatarsal joints are heavily reinforced by the ____ ligaments, the _____ ligaments, the _____ ligaments, ____ ligaments, and the ____ ligaments.

Answer 81

tarsometatarsal; intermetatarsal; interosseous; dorsal metatarsal; dorsal tarsal

Question 82

Just like in the hand there are the MCPS for the metacarpophalangeal joints, in the foot there are the MTPS for the ____ joints.

Answer 82

metatarsophalangeal

Question 83

What are the movements that can occur at the MTPS?

Answer 83

flexion and extension and adduction and abduction

Question 84

What are the movements that can occur at the interphalangeal joints (IP joints) of the foot?

Answer 84

Flexion and extension

Question 85

The MTPS are reinforced by collateral ligaments – the ____ ligaments and the __________ ligaments.

Answer 85

plantar; deep transverse metatarsal

Question 86

The plantar ligament has two other names, what are they?

Answer 86

plantar plate and the volar plate

Question 87

Turf toe is a dysfunction of the ____ ligament.

Answer 87

plantar

Question 88

The plantar ligaments are on the (dorsal/plantar) side of the foot.

Answer 88

plantar

Question 89

What is the acronym to help you remember the motions of open chain supination in the foot?

Answer 89

ADD - Adduction Plants - Plantar flexion In - Inversion Soup = Supination

Question 90

What are the three motions that occur in supination of the foot?

Answer 90

Adduction, plantar flexion, and inversion

Question 91

What are the three motions that occur in open chain pronation of the foot?

Answer 91

Abduction, dorsiflexion, and eversion

Question 92

Supination and pronation of the foot mainly come from the ___ joint and the____ joints.

Answer 92

subtalar; transverse tarsal

Question 93

At the tarsometatarsal joint and intertarsal joint, there is (minimal/maximal) motion. If there is motion there it is most likely pathological because there is restricted motion below or above and then they have to compensate. If they do move, it is problematic.

Answer 93

minimal

Question 94

Should the mid tarsal joint be able to move?

Answer 94

It should be able to move

Question 95

For flexion and extension and adduction and abduction of the MTPS, it is in reference to the midline which is the (third/second) digit.

Answer 95

second