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Anatomy II > Leg, Ankle, & Foot > Flashcards

Leg, Ankle, & Foot Flashcards

1
Q

The great saphenous vein goes to the (femoral/subsartorial) vein in the thigh in the femoral triangle.

A

femoral

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2
Q

In the hand, the midline is the middle digit and it happens to be the longest digit. The midline of the foot is the (first/second) digit and it is the (shortest/longest) digit.

A

second; longest

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3
Q

There are _ tarsals of the foot compared to the 8 carpals in the hand.

A

7

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4
Q

There are _ sesamoids in the foot.

A

2

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5
Q

Phalanges in the foot is plural for phalanx. If you are talking about one of the bones in the digit, it is a (phalanx/phalange). If you are talking about more than one it is (phalanx/phalanges). If you are talking about a toe or finger it is a (ray/digit). If you are talking about the (digit/ray), it is including the metatarsal.

A

phalanx; phalanges; digit; ray

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6
Q

The (4th & 5th/first 3 rays) include the cuneiform, the (first 3 rays/4th and the 5th) do not include the cuboid.

A

first 3 rays; 4th and the 5th

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7
Q

Adduction and abduction of the foot are not in the frontal plane in the foot, it is in the (sagittal/transverse) plane.

A

transverse

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8
Q

Inversion and eversion of the foot are in the (sagittal/frontal) plane.

A

frontal

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9
Q

Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion are in the (sagittal/frontal) plane.

A

sagittal

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10
Q

There is a talur shelf that holds the talus above it and sustains the talus so it is called the ____.

A

sustentaculum tali

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11
Q

The transverse tarsal joint is the mid tarsal joint and it is between the _____ and the _____ on the medial side and it is between the _______ and the ______ on the lateral side.

A

navicular and the talus; calcaneus and the cuboid

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12
Q

The transverse tarsal joint is also known as ___ joint and the ___ joint.

A

Chopart’s; midtarsal

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13
Q

In the thigh, the investing fascia is the (fascia lata/crural fascia), in the leg it is called the (fascia lata/crural fascia).

A

fascia lata; crural fascia

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14
Q

The crural fascia surrounds the (two/three) compartments of the leg.

A

three

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15
Q

There is an ____ membrane that is in-between bone in the compartments of the leg.

A

interosseous

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16
Q

The lateral compartment of the leg has two muscles, what are they?

A

The fibularis longus and the fibularis brevis

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17
Q

Around the lateral compartment of the leg there are two intermuscular septum, the (anterior/superior) intermuscular septum which is (anterior/posterior) to the lateral compartment and the (posterior/inferior) intermuscular septum which is (anterior/posterior) to the lateral compartment.

A

anterior; anterior; posterior; posterior

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18
Q

In the leg, there is predominantly (one/two) nerve for each compartment that innervates the muscles in that compartment.

A

one

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19
Q

The muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg are innervated by the (superficial/deep) fibular nerve.

A

deep

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20
Q

The muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg are innervated by the (superficial/deep) fibular nerve.

A

superficial

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21
Q

The muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg are innervated by the (fibula/tibial) nerve.

A

tibial

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22
Q

In the posterior compartment of the leg there is a (superior/superficial) and (inferior/deep) compartment and the ____ intermuscular septum divides these.

A

superficial; deep; transverse

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23
Q

In the (deep/superficial) compartment of the posterior compartment of the leg there is the triceps surae and the ____ muscle.

A

superficial; plantaris

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24
Q

The triceps surae is composed of the lateral and medial head of the _____ muscle and then the ___.

A

gastrocnemius; soleus

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25
Q

In the deep compartment of the posterior compartment of the leg there are (3/4) muscles. Name them.

A

4; tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, the flexor hallucis longus, & the popliteus

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26
Q

What muscles are in the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

The tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, and fibularis tertius

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27
Q

There are thickenings of the crural fascia, and they are the ____

A

retinaculum

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28
Q

The retinacula are on (two/three) sides of the foot. The extensor side is the (anterior/posterior) side which is the (dorsum/plantar) side of the foot.

A

three; anterior; dorsum

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29
Q

The (fascia/retinaculum) prevents the bowstring and has the mechanical advantage like a pulley and aligns the pull of the tendon. It also has a structure to allow the septum in-between to compartmentalize the individual tendons.

A

retinaculum

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30
Q

The (inferior/superior) extensor retinaculum is not always well defined

A

superior

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31
Q

The inferior extensor retinaculum starts at the (lateral-superior/medial-inferior) portion of the _______. The upper part goes to the medial (cuneiform/malleolus) and the lower part goes to the medial (malleolus/cuneiform).

A

lateral-superior; calcaneous; malleolus; cuneiform

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32
Q

There are two fibular retinaculum which are the (anterior/superior) and (posterior/inferior) fibular retinaculum.

A

superior and inferior

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33
Q

The superior fibular retinaculum goes from the lateral ______ to the ______ and anchors the (tibialis/fibularis) brevis and the longus tendons.

A

malleolus; calcaneus; fibularis

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34
Q

The fibularis longus and brevis are right on top of each other and the fibularis brevis is (superficial/deeper), while the fibularis longus is more (superficial/deeper).

A

deeper; superficial

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35
Q

Once the fibularis longus and brevis go to the other side of the retinacular tunnel they start to diverge and the longus is now more (superior/inferior) and will go to the (medial/lateral) side of the foot. The fibularis brevis stays above the fibularis longus and inserts into the base of the (4th/5th) metatarsal.

A

inferior; medial; 5th

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36
Q

Under the inferior fibular retinaculum on the (medial/lateral) side, it attaches to the (fibularis longus/calcaneus) on both sides so it is really anchored on both sides.

A

lateral; calcaneus

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37
Q

The flexor retinaculum has (two/three) tendons going underneath it in the foot and this is called the ____ tunnel (the space underneath the flexor retinaculum). These are all (flexor/extensor) tendons.

A

three; tarsal; flexor

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38
Q

There are three septum that have _ compartments in the foot.

A

4

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39
Q

In the first compartment of the foot you have the ____ muscle.

A

tibialis posterior

40
Q

In the second compartment of the foot you have the ____ muscle

A

flexor digitorum longus

41
Q

In the third compartment of the foot you have a neurovascular bundle composed of a nerve, artery, and a vein. The nerve is the ____ nerve and the artery is the ____ tibial artery, and the vein is the ____ tibial vein.

A

tibial; posterior; posterior

42
Q

In the fourth compartment of the foot there is the ____ muscle.

A

flexor hallucis longus

43
Q

At the distal end of the tibia and the fibula there is the (fibula/talus) which will be a part of the (talocrual/TMT) joint. This joint is commonly referred to as a tenon mortise joint.

A

talus; talocrual

44
Q

There is a lot of articulation of the (tibia/fibula) and not a lot of articulation with the (tibia/fibula) in the talocrual joint, so when you are considering weightbearing of the (tibia/fibula), not a lot of weight is put on it.

A

tibia; fibula; fibula

45
Q

The talus has the head, the neck and the body. On the (neck/body) there is the trochlea. The shape of the body has a similar shape to the pulley. It is wider more (anteriorly/posteriorly) and it is not as wide (anteriorly/posteriorly) and that is important for ankle stability in (dorsi/plantar) flexion. When the larger part is locked in to the talocrural joint there is not much mobility. That is why there is more motion in (dorsi/plantar) flexion and less motion in (dorsi/plantar) flexion in the talocrual joint.

A

body; anteriorly; posteriorly; dorsi; plantar; dorsi

46
Q

Dorsiflexion provides ankle (mobility/stability) and plantar flexion provides ankle (mobility/stability) in the talocrual joint.

A

stability; mobility

47
Q

The talocrual joint is a (fibrous/synovial) joint.

A

synovial

48
Q

The synovial capsule attaches to (half/all) the edges of the talocrual joint.

A

all

49
Q

On the (medial/lateral) portion of the talocrual joint capsule there is a thickening and it is the (ACL/MCL) and (PCL/LCL) Ligaments. On the lateral side you have the (PCL/LCL) ligaments and on the medial side you have the (ACL/MCL) ligaments.

A

lateral; MCL and LCL; LCL; MCL

50
Q

The collateral ligaments play an important role in ankle stability in the (sagittal/frontal) plane. Think (inversion and eversion/dorsi flexion and plantar flexion).

A

frontal; inversion and eversion

51
Q

There are (cruciate/tibiofibular) ligaments on the anterior and posterior side of the talocrual joint. When either one becomes sprained it is a (low/high) ankle sprain. These two ligaments as well as the ____ membrane stabilize the tibia and the fibula to (allow/prevent) gapping in weight bearing.

A

tibiofibular; high; interosseous; prevent

52
Q

The anterior and posterior (cruciate/tibiofibular) ligaments as well as the ___ membrane maintain the orientation of the tibia and the fibula. If you weight bear through the joint and they are not attached, the mortise joint now all of a sudden will no longer be stable and it will spread the bones.

A

tibiofibular; interosseous

53
Q

The main motion at the talocrural joint is mainly (inversion/dorsiflexion) and (eversion/plantar flexion).

A

dorsiflexion and plantarflexion

54
Q

On the medial side of the talocrual joint, the medial collateral ligament is also referred to as the ____ ligament. What comprises of the ___ ligament is the anterior _____, posterior _____, the joint from the tibia to the _____, and some fibers going from the tibia to the ____.

A

deltoid; deltoid; tibiotalar; tibiotalar; calcaneus; navicular

55
Q

The ligaments that all makeup the deltoid ligament work (as one/individually).

A

as one

56
Q

On the lateral side of the talocrual joint, there is the anterior _____ ligament (going from the talus to the fibula), posterior ____ ligament (going from the talus to the fibula), and a _____ fibular ligament. These are distinct ligaments and you can see them separately.

A

talofibular; talofibular; calcaneal

57
Q

The foot has _ regions. From anterior to posterior they are the ___, ____, and the ___ also called the hindfoot.d

A

3; forefoot, midfoot, and the rearfoot

58
Q

In functional circumstances or considerations, the (midfoot/rearfoot) is considered part of the forefoot especially when talking about orthotics, you’ll be comparing the forefoot and the rearfoot and not really considering the midfoot.

A

midfoot

59
Q

The (midfoot/forefoot) includes the metatarsals and the pahalanges.

A

forefoot

60
Q

The (metatarsals/tarsals) are in the midfoot and the rearfoot.

A

tarsals

61
Q

The (forefoot/midfoot) is what leads the movements of the foot, so whatever the forefoot is doing (abduction or adduction, inversion, eversion, etc), the (forefoot/midfoot) will be doing as well to some degree.

A

forefoot; midfoot

62
Q

The subtalar joint is (underneath/above) the (talus/calcaneus) so it is between the talus and the calcaneus.

A

underneath; talus

63
Q

The subtalar joint is the superior articular part of the (calcaneus/talus) and the inferior articular part of the (calcaneus/talus).

A

calcaneus; talus

64
Q

The sustentaculum tali is a part of the (talus/calcaneus).

A

calcaneus

65
Q

The subtalar joint is (laterally/medially) oriented, so that kind of throws it off balance so you need structures to then keep it in balance.

A

medially

66
Q

The subtalar joint has _ articular surfaces. There is a large (anterior/posterior) surface and _ (anterior/posterior) surfaces. These are sometimes connected, so you might only see an anterior and posterior surface.

A

3; posterior; 2; anterior

67
Q

The posterior articular surface of the subtalar joint is (low/high). As you move anteriorly it goes inferiorly and medially. The talus will slide right off of the (tibiofibular/subtalar) joint if it wasn’t for the sustentaculum tali.

A

high; subtalar; sustentaculum tali

68
Q

The (articular/ non articular) part of the subtalar joint is the ____ sinus and the ____ sinus. When they come together there is a large space called the sinus ___.

A

non articular; calcaneal; talar; tarsi

69
Q

In the (articular/ non articular) surface of the subtalar joint there is an interosseous ligament and it is called the interosseous _____ ligament and it is between the talus and the calcaneus. It is important for keeping the talus and calcaneus (separate/together) and oriented in the way that they are supposed to be oriented.

A

non articular ; talocalcaneal; together

70
Q

The talocalcaneal ligament sits in the ____ tarsi.

A

sinus

71
Q

The (anterior/posterior) articular surface of the subtalar joint has its own joint capsule and synovial fluid.

A

posterior

72
Q

The 2 anterior articular surfaces of the calcaneus are in a capsule with the (talocrual/talonavicular) joint and it is the (medial/lateral) part of the transverse tarsal joint.

A

talonavicular; medial

73
Q

The subtalar joint has two different capsules, the anterior joint capsule and the posterior joint capsule. The (anterior/posterior) joint capsule also includes the talonavicular joint which is the medial part of the transverse tarsal joint.

A

anterior

74
Q

The plantar ______ ligament, also known as the spring ligament is another very important ligament to maintain the (stability/mobility) of the subtalar joint.

A

calcaneonavicular; stability

75
Q

The plantar calcaneonavicular ligament goes from the ____ to the ____ and it is on the (dorsal/plantar) surface of the foot.

A

calcaneous; navicular; plantar

76
Q

The subtalar joint is very (medially/laterally) oriented. If you look at all the structures in the (medial/lateral) side that help support it, you can think of the forces and how it ends up being kind of balanced out. You have the ______ tali, the ___ ligament, the _ tendons passing behind the medial malleolus, and the ___ ligament to help provide the medial support.

A

medially; medial; sustentaculum; spring; 3; deltoid

77
Q

There is a synovial joint between the talus and the navicular medially and there is another one between the calcaneus and the cuboid laterally as well, which is the _____ joint.

A

transverse tarsal

78
Q

The spring ligament supports the (medial/lateral) side of the transverse tarsal joint and the long plantar ligament supports the (medial/lateral) side of the transverse tarsal joint.

A

medial; lateral

79
Q

The tendon of the fibularis longus runs right underneath the _____ ligament which is helpful for finding this ligament.

A

long plantar

80
Q

The (tarsometatarsal/intermetatarsal) joint is formed by the (tarsals/metatarsals) and the adjacent (tarsals/metatarsals). There will be _ cuneiforms and the cuboid.

A

tarsometatarsal; metatarsals; tarsals; 3

81
Q

The tarsometatarsal and intermetatarsal joints are heavily reinforced by the ____ ligaments, the _____ ligaments, the _____ ligaments, ____ ligaments, and the ____ ligaments.

A

tarsometatarsal; intermetatarsal; interosseous; dorsal metatarsal; dorsal tarsal

82
Q

Just like in the hand there are the MCPS for the metacarpophalangeal joints, in the foot there are the MTPS for the ____ joints.

A

metatarsophalangeal

83
Q

What are the movements that can occur at the MTPS?

A

flexion and extension and adduction and abduction

84
Q

What are the movements that can occur at the interphalangeal joints (IP joints) of the foot?

A

Flexion and extension

85
Q

The MTPS are reinforced by collateral ligaments – the ____ ligaments and the __________ ligaments.

A

plantar; deep transverse metatarsal

86
Q

The plantar ligament has two other names, what are they?

A

plantar plate and the volar plate

87
Q

Turf toe is a dysfunction of the ____ ligament.

A

plantar

88
Q

The plantar ligaments are on the (dorsal/plantar) side of the foot.

A

plantar

89
Q

What is the acronym to help you remember the motions of open chain supination in the foot?

A

ADD - Adduction
Plants - Plantar flexion
In - Inversion
Soup = Supination

90
Q

What are the three motions that occur in supination of the foot?

A

Adduction, plantar flexion, and inversion

91
Q

What are the three motions that occur in open chain pronation of the foot?

A

Abduction, dorsiflexion, and eversion

92
Q

Supination and pronation of the foot mainly come from the ___ joint and the____ joints.

A

subtalar; transverse tarsal

93
Q

At the tarsometatarsal joint and intertarsal joint, there is (minimal/maximal) motion. If there is motion there it is most likely pathological because there is restricted motion below or above and then they have to compensate. If they do move, it is problematic.

A

minimal

94
Q

Should the mid tarsal joint be able to move?

A

It should be able to move

95
Q

For flexion and extension and adduction and abduction of the MTPS, it is in reference to the midline which is the (third/second) digit.

A

second

Anatomy II (13 decks)

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