Knee Flashcards
• The knee is made up of the ______ joint and _____ joint
tibiofemoral and patellofemoral
• The medial condyle of the distal femur projects further (proximally/distally) than the lateral condyle.
distally
• The tibia is rather (flat/round).
flat
• When the knee is in full extension is when you have the (least/greatest) contact of femoral surface to tibial surface.
greatest
• To determine if it is a right or left knee, look at the medial condyle projecting further (proximally/distally) and you can also look at the fibula that is (medial/lateral).
distally; lateral
• The articular surface of the intercondylar notch is (fibrous/hyaline) cartilage. Anteriorly we see it covering most of the anterior region. In the posterior surface we don’t see any hyaline cartilage in the middle because of that notch. That is a (non-weight bearing/ weight bearing) zone of the distal femur that does not make contact with the tibia and is an area where ligaments attach.
hyaline; non-weight bearing
• The _____ ligaments attach in the intercondylar notch.
cruciate
• The linea aspera splits and creates the ____ and ____ supracondylar lines. Those lines along with the ____ tubercle are important aspects of the distal femur.
medial and lateral; adductor
• The patellar surface of the femur is where the (condyle/patella) makes contact.
patella
• The articular surface of the distal femur covers the medial and lateral condyles, but not the intercondylar notch because the ____ ligaments run in that space and it is also a non weight bearing zone.
cruciate
• Hyaline cartilage is (radiopaque/radiolucent).
radiopaque
• The (fibrous/hyaline) cartilage determine the height of our knee joints, ankle joints, and hip joints and when that wears away, that’ll be osteoarthritis or DJD which will lead to that bone on bone contact.
hyaline
• The menisci are only tall on the (outside/inner) perimeter, not the (outside/inner) perimeter.
outside; inner
• When we go into (flexion/extension) is when the patella makes contact with the patella surface of the femur (femoral groove).
flexion
• On the proximal tibia, the medial condyle is (smaller/larger) than the lateral condyle from anterior to posterior.
larger
• On the proximal tibia, the (patella/condyles) are the area of articular surface.
condyles
• The tibial tuberosity is (anterior/posterior) on the tibia.
anterior
• The intercondylar region of the tibia has a rough zone called the _____ and we have this area because it is an attachment site for the _____ ligaments and the horns of the ____. This area (is/ is not) covered in any hyaline cartilage just like we saw in the femur.
intercondylar eminence; cruciate; menisci; is not
• The reason cruciate ligaments are called cruciate ligaments is because they cross each other. The way we name them is based on where it attaches on the (tibia/fibula).
tibia
• The anterior cruciate ligament is named because its’ tibial attachment is (anterior/posterior), the posterior cruciate ligament has its’ tibial attachment (anterior/posterior).
anterior; posterior
• Collectively, the cruciate ligaments provide stability in the ____ plane and the _____ plane.
sagittal; transverse
The ACL is named because it attaches to the anterior portion of intercondylar region/area. It is more towards the (medial/lateral) side than the (medial/lateral) side. It starts from anteromedial on the tibial plateau, it goes superior, lateral, and then posterior.
medial; lateral
The ACL attaches to the medial surface of the (medial/lateral) condyle of the (femur/tibia).
lateral; femur
The PCL runs from posterolateral of the intercondylar region and it runs in an anterior, superior, and medial direction to attach on the lateral surface of the (medial/lateral) condyle of the (femur/tibia).
medial; femur
The cruciate ligaments (are on/aren’t on) tension throughout the range of motion due to those bundles that they have.
are on
If the tibia is moving, the accessory movement the ACL will limit is (anterior/posterior) translation. If the femur is moving on the tibia, the accessory movement the ACL will limit is (anterior/posterior) translation.
anterior; posterior
If the tibia is moving, the accessory movement the PCL will limit is (anterior/posterior) translation. If the femur is moving on the tibia, the accessory movement the PCL will limit is (anterior/posterior) translation
posterior; anterior
The ACL attaches (medially/laterally) and (anteriorly/posteriorly) on the tibia.
medially and anteriorly
When the tibia rotates laterally, the cruciate ligaments go on (tension/slack).
slack
When the tibia rotates medially, the cruciate ligaments wrap around each other and the ligaments (increase/decrease) tension and become (tighter/looser).
increase; tighter
In the transverse plane, the cruciate ligaments resist tibial rotation (medially/laterally).
medially
Every motion of one bone is the (same/opposite) on the other bone.
opposite
When the femur rotates laterally, the cruciate ligaments go on (tension/slack).
tension
When the femur rotates medially, the cruciate ligaments will go on (tension/slack)
slack
The MCL and LCL provide stability in what planes of movement?
Frontal and transverse planes
The proximal attachment of the MCL is the posterior aspect of the (medial/lateral) femoral condyle. It runs anterior-inferior to attach on the tibia. It runs from femur to the tibia. It has superficial and deep portions to it. The (superficial/deep) portion blends with the fibrous portion of the joint capsule. It has attachments that go through the capsule to the (medial/lateral) meniscus of the knee.
medial; deep; medial
The LCL attaches to the (medial/lateral) condyle of the femur, slightly anterior from its’ distal attachment on the fibula. It projects posterior inferior as it runs from the femur to the fibula. This ligament (does/ does not) blend with the fibrous capsule at all and (has/ has no) attachments to the meniscus.
lateral; does not; has no
If the tibia is moving on the femur and there is medial rotation, the collateral ligaments go on (tension/slack). If there is lateral rotation the collateral ligaments get put on (tension/slack) and that is based on the angulation of their attachments.
slack; tension
If the femur is moving on the tibia and there is medial rotation, the collateral ligaments go on (tension/slack). If there is lateral rotation, the collateral ligaments get put on (tension/slack) and that is based on the angulation of their attachments.
tension; slack
The menisci in general are considered partial (cartilaginous/fibrocartilaginous) disks with their open ends facing medially. They are wedge shaped in cross section . Both menisci are only attached to the (tibia/femur), they do not have any attachments to the (tibia/femur).
fibrocartilaginous; tibia; femur
In regard to the menisci, on each open end there is a ___ and they attach to the tibia by their ____.
horn; horns
The menisci are all in that ______ region. They attach along the rim of the tibia by the _____ ligament. It is a little attachment that runs along the periphery of the tibial plateau.
intercondylar; coronary
The medial meniscus is (C/S) shaped. Because it is (C/S) shaped the posterior and anterior horns are attached as far apart as possible which makes it a (C/S) shape.
C; C; C
The medial meniscus has a firm attachment to the capsule and tight attachments on the periphery. Part of the (MCL/LCL) is attached to the medial meniscus.
MCL
The posterior aspect of the (medial/lateral) meniscus is wider than the anterior aspect.
medial
The lateral meniscus is (C/O) shaped and it has this shape because the horns attach close together in the intercondylar area.
O
The lateral meniscus lacks a firm capsular attachment so it is (tight/loose) which causes it to move (more/less) than the medial meniscus.
loose; more
The lateral meniscus (does have/ does not have) an attachment to the LCL.
does not have
2/3 of the population have a (medial/lateral) meniscus that has an attachment to the popliteal muscle.
lateral
The menisci deform and slide a little bit as the knee goes from (extension to flexion/lateral rotation to medial rotation) and vice versa.
extension to flexion
The menisci are fibrocartilaginous and that creates a wedge that (increases/decreases) the concavity of the tibial plateau. So they provide (mobility/stability).
increases; stability
The fibrous portion of the joint capsule at the knee surrounds (half of the/ the entire) knee , enclosing both joints (tibiofemoral and patellofemoral) at the knee.
the entire
Another name for the patellar ligament is the patellar _____.
tendon
Normally tendons run from muscle to bone but the patellar tendon runs from the ___ to the ____
patella to the tibial tuberosity
(Anteriorly/Posteriorly), the fibrous capsule at the knee blends with the quadriceps tendon, the patella, and the patellar tendon
Anteriorly
Anteromedial and anterolateral on the joint capsule at the knee, we find the patellar (tendon/retinaculum). On the lateral side the _____ tract has a portion of it that blends in with the lateral retinaculum.
retinaculum; ilitiobial
(Anteriorly/Posteriorly) on the joint capsule at the knee, there is a defect in the fibrous capsule which is the _____ ligament. That part of the capsule encloses around the more proximal attachment of the popliteus muscle. With that defect there is another portion of it that comes down creating the oblique ____ ligament.
arcuate; popliteal
The fibrous portion of the joint capsule at the knee attaches to the (MCL/LCL), not to the (MCL/LCL).
MCL; LCL
The synovial portion of the capsule at the knee encloses (only one joint/both joints) of the knee and it is the (smallest/largest) and most complex synovial capsule in the body. It does not follow the same path as the fibrous capsule (the fibrous capsule wraps around the whole knee).
both joints; largest
Anteriorly, the synovial capsule of the knee is pretty close to the fibrous capsule, except it is behind the patella and it runs just (superficial/deep) to the fibrous capsule in the medial side, the lateral side, and even on the posterior side. When you get to the posterior midline it dives deep towards the anterior portion of the knee, comes back around on itself to wrap around the ____ ligaments.
deep; cruciate
The cruciate ligaments are intraarticular ligaments, they are intracapsular, and they are extra (fibrous/synovial).
synovial
The synovial capsule (does/does not) enclose the cruciate ligaments, they stay outside. That is where the indentation comes from and that indentation wraps tightly around the cruciates.
does not
The synovial layer of capsules (does/does not) have any blood vessels in the capsule.
does not
If you tore your ACL, your ligaments have blood vessels, and because it is wrapped so tightly in that synovial layer, if you tear your ACL you are going to tear the (fibrous/synovial) layer of the knee and then blood enters into the capsule. That shows the importance of the cruciates not being intra synovial, but extra synovial.
synovial
With the synovial capsule of the knee, there are several bursa. The two kinds of bursa there are, are a __ bursa and a ___ bursa.
true; false
The names of the two false bursa are the _____ bursa and the _____ bursa.
suprapatellar; deep infrapatellar
False bursa’s communicate with the (fibrous/synovial) cavity.
synovial
The suprapatellar bursa communicates with the synovial cavity. The (suprapatellar/deep infrapatellar) bursa is deep to the quadriceps tendon and superficial to the distal anterior femur and fat pad.
suprapatellar
If you treat someone with an ACL tear, they get big swelling at times in the (suprapatellar/deep infrapatellar) bursa because the fluid from inside the regular synovial cavity gets pushed up into it because there is a lot of fluid in it.
suprapatellar
The (suprapatellar/deep infrapatellar) bursa is going to have a communication with the synovial cavity between the patellar ligament and the infrapatellar fat pad. Joint effusion (swelling in the joint ) can leak into this bursa as well.
deep infrapatellar
The (true/false) bursa are separate from the knee synovial cavity.
true
If you have ever seen anyone with a big ol bubble of fluid on their knee cap, that will be a (prepatellar/superficial infrapatellar) bursitis because they were either kneeling on that knee for too long or they banged it against something and it swelled up.
prepatellar
The superficial infrapatellar bursa is on the (anterior/posterior) side of the patellar tendon between the tendon and the skin.
anterior
On the back side of the knee there is a bursa named the (gastrocnemius/pes anserinus).
gastrocnemius
On the medial side of the knee there is a bursa named the (gastrocnemius/ pes anserinus).
pes anserinus
The three tendons that make up the pes anserinus are the ____, ____, and the _____.
semitendinousus, sartorius, and the gracilis
There is a bursa that sits in the pes anserinus region and it is proximal to the distal portion of the (MCL/LCL).
MCL
Under the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle is the (gastrocnemius/pes anserinus) bursa.
gastrocnemius
If someone is diagnosed with a bakers cyst, it is in the (gastrocnemius/pes anserinus) bursa.
gastrocnemius
(False/True) bursa are not attached to the synovial cavity.
True
The (tibiofemoral/patellofemoral) joint is the distal end of the quadricep where the patella aligns with the femoral groove.
patellofemoral
The lateral condyle projects further (anteriorly/posteriorly) on the patellofemoral joint.
anteriorly
The femoral groove has a groove in it that matches with a ridge on the (anterior/posterior) aspect of the patella.
posterior
The patella has two non articulating spots. It has the ____ fold that has no articular cartilage and the ____ fold has no articular cartilage on it. 2/3 of the patella on the (anterior/posterior) aspect is covered by articular cartilage. The (superior/inferior) 2/3 is covered by articular cartilage.
superior; inferior; posterior; superior
The ridge on the patellofemoral joint creates a midline between the two sides and fits in with the ____ groove of the femur.
femoral
The patellofemoral joint capsule is (the same as/ different from) the tibiofemoral joint capsule, nothing really changes, except it is just in the anteromedial and anterolateral region.
the same as
There is no (fibrous/synovial) joint capsule for the patellofemoral joint capsule, just (fibrous/synovial).
synovial; fibrous
The vastus lateralis along with the IT band attaches to the (medial/lateral) side of the patella. The vastus medialis attaches to the (medial/lateral) side of the patella.
lateral; medial
The medial and lateral retinaculum are there in the patellofemoral joint capsule just like in the tibiofemoral joint capsule.
Got it
Majority of pull on the patella is (medial/lateral).
If the quads all contract together, the pull should be (medial/lateral).
lateral; lateral
