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Anatomy II > Foot > Flashcards

Foot Flashcards

1
Q

There are _ arches of the foot. There are 2 ____arches and a _______ arch.

A

3; longitudinal; transverse

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2
Q

What are the names of the two longitudinal arches of the foot?

A

The medial and lateral longitudinal arches

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3
Q

In quiet standing, the weight is distributed evenly between what two regions of the foot?

A

The forefoot and the rearfoot

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4
Q

The arches of the foot have an important role in the (stability/mobility) (becoming a rigid lever arm for push off during GAIT) as well as resiliency. They are important for shock absorption and accommodation to different terrains that you might be walking on.

A

stability

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5
Q

The medial longitudinal arch is on the (medial/lateral) side of the foot and it is also called the ____.

A

medial; instep

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6
Q

The medial longitudinal arch is the (highest/lowest) arch of the foot and it consists of the ___, ___, the ____, the 3 ____and the 3 medial ____.

A

highest; calcaneus, talus, the navicular, the 3 cuneiforms, and the 3 medial metatarsals

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7
Q

The concavity of the medial longitudinal arch and because it is the highest arch, it (prevents/allows) for that shock absorption from the ground up and bearing load from the body weight down.

A

allows

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8
Q

The lateral longitudinal arch is on the (medial/lateral) side of the foot. It is not as high as the medial arch and it does not include the (cuboid/talus).

A

lateral; talus

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9
Q

The lateral longitudinal arch Includes the ____, _____, and the lateral 2 ____.

A

calcaneus, cuboid, and the lateral 2 metatarsals

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10
Q

The transverse arch includes the _____, 3 _____, and it also includes the ____.

A

cuboid, cuneiforms, metatarsals

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11
Q

The (medial longitudinal arch/transverse arch) of the foot resembles a keystone arch.

A

transverse arch

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12
Q

There are three factors that are important to maintaining the arches of the foot – ____ (the shape of the bones), the ____ , and the ____ (the extrinsic muscles that cross the ankle joint and the intrinsic muscles in the foot).

A

osteology, ligaments, muscles

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13
Q

In regard to the arches of the foot, the variety of articulations allow for the stability and the mobility. If you think about it, not a lot of joints have mobility AND stability, but the foot has a lot of rigidity and flexibility to accommodate for the different phases of GAIT.

A

Got it

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14
Q

In GAIT you need that shock absorption and the mobile adaptation, but you also need that rigid lever arm to push off. When you are hitting the ground in GAIT you don’t want to be bone on top of bone where it is just jamming.

A

Got it

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15
Q

During the phases of (pronation and supination/flexion and extension), your foot is constantly going from the rigid lever arm to the flexible, mobile cushion.

A

pronation and supination

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16
Q

The spring ligament is the most important ligament in supporting (if the ligaments were not there, the bones would spread apart) the (medial/lateral) longitudinal arch of the foot. It holds the navicular together and the calcaneus together to prevent the (cuboid/talus) from sliding inferiorly and medially and collapsing that medial longitudinal arch.

A

medial; talus

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17
Q

The long plantar ligament is important and supports (if the ligaments were not there, the bones would spread apart) the (medial/lateral) longitudinal arch.

A

lateral

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18
Q

The plantar aponeurosis (plantar fascia) is another type of architecture/ligament where the bridge is supported from (on top/underneath). The plantar aponeurosis is on the (top/bottom) of the foot and it is the most (superficial/deep) part of the bottom of the foot. There is skin and fibrous fat pads for friction and shock absorption on top of it. It is a thickening of the investing fascia.a

A

underneath; bottom; superficial

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19
Q

The plantar aponeurosis goes from the calcaneal tuberosity and crosses the (MTP/IP).

A

MTP

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20
Q

The foot (does/does not) move like the hand

A

does not

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21
Q

The plantar aponeurosis and the long plantar ligament are in a better position to support the (longitudinal arches/transverse arch).

A

longitudinal arches

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22
Q

The interosseous ligaments are better suited to support the (longitudinal arches/transverse arch).

A

transverse arch

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23
Q

The tibialis anterior and fibularis longus (support/oppose) the arches of the foot and attach to the medial cuneiform and the base of the 1st metatarsal.

A

support

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24
Q

The tibialis anterior is on the (medial/lateral) plantar aspect.

A

medial

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25
Q

The fibularis longus is on the (medial/lateral) plantar aspect.

A

lateral

26
Q

The tibialis anterior and fibularis longus are like a sling to the longitudinal arches and because they go to the same area from different locations they are true (agonists/antagonists) of each other in terms of the movements that they do.

A

antagonists

27
Q

The tibialis posterior is important for (opposing/supporting) the arches. This muscle inserts to the navicular and the middle three metatarsal bones.

A

supporting

28
Q

The flexor hallucis longus goes (above/underneath) the sustentaculum tali further (opposing/supporting) the arch and prevents the talus from falling through.

A

underneath; supporting

29
Q

The tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, and the flexor hallucis longus primarily support the (medial/lateral) arch of the foot.

A

medial

30
Q

If there is a tendon dysfunction of the tibialis (anterior/posterior) the arch will (fall/rise) and when you are trying to do plantar flexion on your toes you won’t really be able to (invert/evert). So you can go up on your toes just a little bit and you can’t (invert/evert) your feet as you are going up.

A

posterior; fall; invert; invert

31
Q

Look at the direction of the tendons that support the arches and look at where they attach and think about when they contract. Which arch are they going to support? If we think from the medial side, we have the tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, and flexor hallucis longus supporting the (medial/lateral) arch. The fibularis longus is on the lateral side, so it will support the (medial/lateral) arch. Think about location and where they are pulling from to determine this.

A

medial; lateral

32
Q

During quiet standing the (ligaments/intrinsic muscles) provide most of the stability to the arch, but when you are moving away from static standing and to motion, the (ligaments/intrinsic muscles) provide most of the support.

A

ligaments; intrinsic muscles

33
Q

The foot is organized by layers. There are _ layers from superficial to deep on the (dorsal/plantar) aspect of the foot

A

4

34
Q

There are _ muscles on the dorsum of the foot.

A

2

35
Q

The first layer of the foot has a pattern of – (ab/add), (flex/extend), (ab/add). The pattern for the first layer of the foot are composed of what three muscles? These muscles all attach to the calcaneal tuberosity.

A

ab; flex; ab; abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, and the abductor digiti minimi

36
Q

The abductor hallucis is more on the (dorsal/plantar) aspect of the foot so it acts as a flexor and it takes up a quite a bit of space on the (medial/lateral) side.

A

plantar; medial

37
Q

Flexor digitorum brevis is synonymous to the (FDS/FDP) in the hand.

A

FDS

38
Q

In the foot for the tendons that split, they go to the (middle/distal) phalanx and the long tendons pass through that split and go to the (middle/distal) phalanx of the (medial/lateral) four digits.

A

middle; distal; lateral

39
Q

The abductor digiti minimi is on the (medial/lateral) border of the foot.

A

lateral

40
Q

Layer (2/3) of the foot is all about the long tendons. Think of one muscle inserting onto it and “four” muscles originating from it and that constitutes the second layer. What are the muscles that originate from the long tendon?

A

2; flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, and the lumbricals

41
Q

What is the muscle in layer 2 of the foot that inserts on the long tendon?

A

Quadratus plantae

42
Q

The quadratus plantae aligns things to more of a (mid-sagittal/oblique) pull.

A

mid-sagittal

43
Q

The quadratus plantae comes from (dorsal/plantar) surface of the calcaneus.

A

plantar

44
Q

There are _ lumbricals in the foot and they go to the (medial/lateral) side of the lateral 4 digits on the (thumb/pinky) side. The lumbricals are always on the (thumb/pinky) side. LUMB is on the THUMB side.

A

4; medial; thumb; thumb

45
Q

The lateral 3 lumbricals of the foot are innervated by the (medial/lateral) plantar nerve and the medial 1 is innervated by the (medial/lateral) plantar nerve.

A

lateral; medial

46
Q

The (2nd/3rd) layer of the foot has a pattern of (flex/extend), (add/ab), (flex/extend).

A

3rd; flex, add, flex

47
Q

The muscles in layer 3 of the foot include two (brevis’/longus’) and two heads of a certain muscle. They are the ______, the two heads of the _______ , and the _____.

A

brevis’; flexor digiti minimi brevis, adductor hallucis, and the flexor hallucis brevis

48
Q

The muscles in layer 3 of the foot are all in the (tarsal/metatarsal) region.

A

metatarsal

49
Q

The transverse head of the adductor hallucis goes to the (lateral/middle) 3 metatarsal heads (bases) and the oblique head goes to the (lateral/middle) 3 metatarsal heads (bases).

A

lateral; middle

50
Q

The deep branch of the (medial/lateral) plantar nerve innervates the adductor hallucis.

A

lateral

51
Q

The 4th layer of the foot include the ____ and the ____.

A

dorsal interossei and the plantar interossei

52
Q

The interossei in the foot originate between the (tarsal/metatarsal) shafts.

A

metatarsal

53
Q

All the intrinsic foot muscles are innervated by the lateral or medial plantar nerve. The (medial/lateral) plantar nerve innervates the (1st/4th) lumbrical, 2 hallucis’ (____ and ____ ), and the _______ . The rest are innervated by the (medial/lateral) plantar nerve.

A

medial; 1st; flexor hallucis brevis and abductor hallucis; flexor digitorum brevis; lateral

54
Q

There are 2 muscles on the dorsal aspect of the foot and they originate from the calcaneus. They are two (brevis/longus) muscles. What are they?

A

brevis; The extensor hallucis brevis and the extensor digitorum brevis

55
Q

The extensor hallucis brevis goes to the (proximal/distal) phalanx and the long tendon goes down to the (proximal/distal) phalanx.

A

proximal; distal

56
Q

The extensor digitorum brevis goes to the (first/second), (second/third), and (third/fourth) digits.

A

second, third, and fourth

57
Q

The extensor hallucis brevis and the extensor digitorum brevis join the (flexor/extensor) digitorum longus tendons and go down to the (middle/distal) phalanx.

A

extensor; distal

58
Q

The extensor hallucis brevis and the extensor digitorum brevis are innervated by the nerve that innervates the (anterior/lateral) compartment of the leg which is the (superficial/deep) fibular nerve.

A

anterior; deep

59
Q

Look at strengthening the foot (before/after) looking at foot orthotics. When looking at strengthening the foot you have to look at the available ROM. If the ROM is not there you can’t really strengthen the foot. You also have to look at the mobility of the foot. Even after strengthening the foot have to look at functional carry over like GAIT and the phases of the GAIT, GAIT training, etc.

A

before

60
Q

When running and you land on your (forefoot/rearfoot), you actually strengthen the muscles of the foot.

A

forefoot

Anatomy II (13 decks)

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