Thorax 2 (Cardiovascular System) - part 2 Flashcards
1
Q
The picture shows arterial supply of the upper limbs, what is A?
A
Radial artery
2
Q
The picture shows arterial supply of the upper limbs, what is B?
A
Brachial artery
3
Q
The picture shows arterial supply of the upper limbs, what is C?
A
Subclavian artery
4
Q
The picture shows arterial supply of the upper limbs, what is D?
A
Ulnar artery
5
Q
The picture shows arterial supply of the upper limbs, what is
A
Axillary artery
6
Q
At what bony point does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery?
A
Lateral border of 1st rib
7
Q
In which area of the upper limb does the brachial artery branch into radial and ulnar artery?
A
Antecubital fossa
8
Q
Of the radial and ulnar arteries, which is more superficial of the two?
A
Radial artery
9
Q
What is A?
A
External iliac artery
10
Q
What is B?
A
Deep femoral artery
11
Q
What is C?
A
Popliteal artery
12
Q
What is D?
A
Anterior tibial artery
13
Q
What is E?
A
Posterior tibial
14
Q
What is F?
A
Superficial femoral
15
Q
What is A?
A
Anterior tibial artery
16
Q
What is B?
A
Dorsalis pedis artery
17
Q
What artery is the femoral artery a distal continuation of?
A
External iliac artery
18
Q
Where does the poplital artery branch into the anterior and posterior tibial artery?
A
Poplital fossa
19
Q
What is the complete branching of the common iliac artery?
A
Common iliac - external iliac (internal iliac) - superficial femoral (deep femoral) - popliteal - anterior tibial (posterior tibial) - dorsalis pedis
20
Q
What is the complete branching of the subclavian artery?
A
Subclavian - axillary - brachial - radial and ulnar
21
Q
The dorsalis pedis artery is a continuation of what artery?
A
Anterior tibial artery
22
Q
Where does the dorsalis pedis artery lie?
A
On the dorsum of the foot
23
Q
The posterior tibial artery enters the sole of the foot inferior to which malleolus of the ankle?
A
Both left and right
24
Q
What are the main pulse points of the body?
A
Carotid artery
Apex beat
Brachial artery
Abdominal aorta
Radial artery
Femoral artery
Poplital artery
Posterior tibial artery
Dorsalis pedis artery
25
What is A?
Carotid artery
26
What is B?
Apex beat
27
What is C?
Brachial artery
28
What is D?
Abdominal aorta
29
What is E?
Radial artery
30
What is F?
Femoral artery
31
What is G?
Popliteal artery
32
What is H?
Posterior tibiral artery
33
What is I?
Dorsalis pedis artery
34
What are important superficial veins of the upper limbs?
Cephalic vein
Basilic vein
Median cubital veins
35
Where do deep veins of the upper limbs lie and what names do they have?
Alongisde their corresponding artery and take the same name
36
Where do the deep veins of the lower limbs lie and how are they named?
Alongside corresponding arteries and have the same names
37
Where do the superficial veins of the lower limbs drain into?
Deep veins
38
What are the superficial veins of the lower limbs?
Great saphenous vein
Small saphenous vein
39
What are some deep veins of the lower limbs?
Femoral vein
Popliteal vein
Posterior tibial vein
40
What is A?
Femoral vein
41
What is B?
Great saphenous vein
42
43
What is C?
Poplital vein
44
What is D?
Small saphenous vein
45
Into which deep vein does the great saphenous vein drain into?
Femoral vein
46
Into which deep vein does the small saphenous vein drain into?
Popliteal vein
47
What happens when veins become varicose?
Leaflets of the valves no longer meet properly so the valves do not work, allowing blood to flow backwards
48
What are the 2 main lymphatic ducts?
Thoracic duct
Right lymphatic duct
49
Where does the thoracic duct drain lymph from?
3/4ths of the body to the medial end of the left subclavian vein
50
Where does the right lymphatic duct drain lymph from?
Right upper quadrant (1/4th) to the medial end of the right subclavian vein
51
Whre is the thoracic duct located?
On the vertebral bodies between the azygos vein adn the descending thoracic aorta on the right side of the posterior thoracic wall
52
What does the thoracic duct commence as?
Cisterna chyli
53
What vertebral level does the thoracic duct commence at?
L1 as the cisterna chyli
54
What vertebral level does the thoracic duct cross the medial line from right to left?
T4
55
Where does the thoacic duct drain into?
Medial end of the left subclavian vein
56
What nodes are for lymphatic drainage of the chest wall?
Parasternal nodes
Phrenic nodes
Intercostal nodes
57
Where are parasternal nodes found?
Situated along the internal thoracic artery
58
Where do the parasternal nodes recieve lymphatic drainage from?
Medial part of the breast
Intercostal spaces
Costal pleura
Diaphragm
59
Where are the phrenic nodes found?
Situated on the thoracic surface of the diaphragm
60
Where do the phrenic nodes recieve lymphatics from?
Pericardium
Diaphragm
Liver
61
What do the phrenic nodes drain into?
Parastenal nodes
62
Where are the intercostal nodes found?
At the verebral end of the intercostal spaces
63
Where does lymph from the heart drain into?
Right inferior tracheobronchial nodes
Mediastinal (bronchopulmonary and paratracheal lymph nodes)
64
This picture shows the thoracic duct, what is A?
Azygos vein
65
This picture shows the thoracic duct, what is B?
Thoracic duct
66
This picture shows the thoracic duct, what is C?
Thoracic aorta
67
What is A?
Tracheobronchial lymph nodes
68
What is B?
Bronchopulmonary lymph nodes
69
What is A?
Right atrium
70
What is B?
Right ventricle
71
What is C?
Left ventricle
72
What is D?
Left atrium
73
What is E?
Aorta
74
What is A?
Right atrium
75
What is B?
Trachea
76
What is C?
Aortic arch
77
What is D?
Heart
78
What is E?
Apex
79
How is autonomic innervation directed to the heart and coronary arteries?
Cariac/cadiopulmonary plexus
80
What is B?
AV node
81
What spinal levels give sympathetic innervation to the heart and coronary arteries?
T1-T4
82
What gives parasympathetic innervation to the heart and coronary arteries?
Vagas nerve
83
What do motor fibres innervate within the heart wall?
Nodes (SA and AV nodes) to generate electrical impulses
84
What are the nodes that nerves innervate within the heart wall known as?
Purkinje cells
85
What are the branches of Purkinje cells called?
Purkinje fibres
86
What is A?
SA node
87
88
What is C?
Cardiac muscle
89
What do parasympathetic fibres within the heart wall act on?
SA and AV node
90
What do sympathetic fibres within the heart wall act on?
SA and AV node
Cardiac muscle
91
How does sensory and pain information travel back from the heart?
Spinal cord levels T1-T4 in the sympathetic nerves
92
What is A?
SA node
93
What is B?
Internodal pathways
94
What is C?
AV node
95
What is D?
Bundle of His
96
What is E?
Purkinje fibres
97
What is F?
Left bundle branches
98
What is G?
Intra-atrial pathway
99
Where does the SA node lie within the heart?
Near the opening of the SVC in the right atrium
100
What does SA, for SA node, stand for?
Sinu-atrial node
101
Where does the AV node lie within the heart?
Inferior part of the interatrial septum
102
What does AV, for AV node, stand for?
Atrioventricular node
103
Where does the atrioventricular bundle of His lie within the heart?
Within each side of the interventricular septum
104
Why is pain from cardiac ischaemia sometimes felt in the left arm?
The pain travels back by T1-T4 spinal nerves, T1 also supplies the upper limbs
105
What is knowledge of the surface anatomy of the heart essential for?
Diagnosis of cardiac enlargement
Location of the heart valves
Auscultation of the heart sounds
106
What are the different borders of the heart?
Superior border
Inferior border
Right border
Left border
107
What is A?
Right border
108
What is B?
Inferior border
109
What is C?
Apex
110
What is D?
Left border
111
What is E?
Superior border
112
Where do the surface markings of the apex (apex beat) lie?
5th left intercostal space, midclavicular line
113
How does the apex beat of children compare to adults?
More superiolateral
114
What chambers form the right border of the heart?
Right atrium and right ventricle
115
What chambers form the left border of the heart?
Left atrium and left ventricle
116
What chambers form the inferior border of the heart?
Right ventricle and left ventricle
117
What chambers forms the superior border of the heart?
Right atrium and left atrium
118
What chambers form the anterior/sternocostal surface of the heart?
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
119
What chambers form the posterior/base surface of the heart?
Left atrium
120
What chambers form the inferior/diaphragmatic surface of the heart?
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
121
What is the anterior surface of the heart also known as?
Sternocostal surface
122
What is the posterior surface of the heart also known as?
Base
123
What is the inferior surface of the heart also known as?
Diaphragmatic
124
What is A?
Manubrium
125
What is B?
Aorta
126
What is C?
Sternomanubrial joint
127
What is D?
Heart
128
What is E?
Xiphisternal joint
129
What is F?
Diaphragm
130
What vertebral level is the sternomanubrial joint?
T4
131
What vertebral level is the xiphisternal joint?
T8/T9
132
The heart is posterior to what bone?
Sternum
133
The heart is anterior to what 4 vertebrae?
T5-T8
134
What structure lies inferior to the heart?
Diaphragm
135
What is A?
Pulmonary valve
136
What is B?
Aortic valve
137
What is C?
Mitral valve
138
What is D?
Tricuspid valve
139
In what order do the heart valves lie behind the sternum?
P-A-M-T
140
Where do the sounds due to the hear valves roughly radiate to?
4 corners of the heart
141
What is A?
Aortic valve
142
What is B?
Tricuspid valve
143
What is C?
Pulmonary valve
144
What is D?
Mitral valve
145
Where is the pulmonary valve auscultated?
2nd left intercostal space, parasternally
146
Where is the aortic valve ausculated?
2nd righ intercostal space, parasternally
147
Where is the mitral valve ausculated?
5th left intercostal space, midclavicular line (apex)
148
Where is the tricuspid valve auscultated?
Over lower sternum, or just right to it
149
What is A?
Right atrium
150
What is B?
Oesophagus
151
What is C?
Azygos vein
152
What is D?
Right ventricle
153
What is E?
Apex
154
What is F?
Left ventricle
155
What is G?
Descending aorta
156
What are the 3 layers of a blood vessel, from superficial to deep?
Tinuca adventita
Tunica media
Tunica intima
157
What are the 3 main histological types of arteries?
Elastic arteries
Muscular arteries
Arterioles
158
How can a slide of an artery be identified?
More round
Thick wall
Narrow lumen
159
How can a slide of a vein be identified?
Irregular, thin wall
Wider lumen
160
What is A?
Tunica media
161
What is B?
Tunica adventitia
162
What is C?
Nerve
163
What is D?
Tunica media
164
What is E?
Tunica adventitia
165
What is F?
Artery
166
What is G?
Artery lumen
167
What is H?
Adipose tissue
168
What is I?
Vein
169
What is J?
Vein lumen
170
Which of A and B is an elastic and muscular artery?
A - elastic artery
B - muscular artery
171
What is the difference between the tunica intima of muscular and elastic arteries?
Muscular arteries have the presence of internal elastic lamina
172
What is the difference between the tunica media of musclar and elastic arteries?
Muscular arteries is mainly smooth muscle
Elastic arteries have concentric fenestrated sheets of elastin and only a few smooth muscle fibres
173
What is the difference between the tunica adventitia of muscular and elastic arteries?
Muscular has the presence of vaso vasorum and is a broad layer
174
What is vaso vasorum?
Network of small blood vessels that supplies the walls of blood vessels
175
What type of artery is the aorta and pulmonary trunk?
Elastic
Conducting
176
What type of artery are the radial and femoral arteries?
Muscular
Distributing
177
What type of tissue predominate in the tunica media of arterioles?
Smooth muscle
178
Are elastic arteries conducting or distributing?
Conducting
179
Are muscular arteries conducting or distributing?
Distributing
180
What layer are valves formed from?
Tunica intima of the vessel
