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My own anatomy > Skin and tissues > Flashcards

Skin and tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 layers found in the skin?

A

Dermis and epidermis

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2
Q

What is the function of the epidermis?

A

Forms boundary between internal and external environments

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3
Q

What type of tissue is the epidermis?

A

Epithelial tissue

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4
Q

What is the function of the dermis

A

Supports and protects the skin and deeper layers, assists in thermoregulation and aids in sensation

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5
Q

What type of tissue is the dermis?

A

Connective tissue

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6
Q

Under the dermis lies what?

A

Hypodermis(adipose tissue under the skin, not part of the skin, it anchors skin to underlying structures)

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7
Q

What are the 4 types of epidermal cells?

A

keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhangs cells
Merkel cells

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8
Q

What is the function of keratinocytes?

A

Extrude lipids making them water proof. They constantly self divide and regenerate, protecting them from trauma. (most common epidermal cell)

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9
Q

What is the function of melanocytes?

A

Responsible for pigment formation

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10
Q

What is the function of langerhans cells?

A

Responsible for immune surveillance

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11
Q

What is the function of merkel cells?

A

Touch receptors

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12
Q

Identify the cell type represented by A

A

Keratinocytes

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13
Q

Identify the skin cell type represented by B

A

Melanocyte

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14
Q

Identify the cell type represented by C

A

Langerhans cells

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15
Q

What are the layers of the epidermus?

A

Stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
stratum granulousum
stratum lucidum
stratum corneum

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16
Q

Does the epidermis have any blood vessels?

A

Nope

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17
Q

What is the function of the stratum basale

A

The cells in the stratum basale bond to the dermis via intertwining collagen fibres reffered to as the basement membrane. All of the karatinocytes are produced from this single layer of cells. As new cells are formed, the exisitng cells are pushed superficially away from the statum basale

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18
Q

What is a basale cell?

A

A cuboidal shaped stem cell that is a precursor of all the keratinocytes of the epidermis

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19
Q

What type layer is represented by A

A

Stratum corneum

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20
Q

What layer of the skin is represented by B

A

Stratum lucidum

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21
Q

What layer of the skin is represented by C

A

Stratum granulousum

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22
Q

What layer of the epidermis is represented by D?

A

Stratum spinosum

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23
Q

What layer of the epidermis is represented by E?

A

Stratum basale

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24
Q

Where does keratinisation begin?

A

Stratum spinosum

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25
Q

What occurs within the statum corneum?

A

This is where the converstion of keratohyalin to keratin takes place

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26
Q

How long does keratinisation take?

A

15-30 days

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27
Q

What is keratin?

A

An intracellular fibrous protein that gives hair, nails and skin their hardness and water-resistant properties

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28
Q

What structures are located within the dermis?

A

Blood and lymph vessels. nerves and other folliceles such as sweat glands

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29
Q

What aer the 2 layers located within the dermis?

A

Papillary layer and reticular layer

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30
Q

What is the papillary layer?

A

A superficial layer of dermis that projects into the strtum basale of the epudermis to form finger like dermal papilla (plural=dermal papillae)

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31
Q

What is the function of dermal papillae

A

They increase the strength of the connection between the epidermis and the dermis - the greater the folding, the stronger the connections made

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32
Q

What type of tissue is the papillary layer?

A

Loose connective tissue

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33
Q

What type of tissue is the reticular layer?

A

Irregular connective tissue

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34
Q

What is the function of the reticular layer?

A

The treticular layer appears reticulated (net-like) due to a tight meshwork of fibres. Elastin fibres provide some elasticity to the skin, enabling movement.

Collagen fibres provide strcture and tensile strength, with strands of collagen extending into both the papillary layer and the hypodermis

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35
Q

Name 3 pigments which influence the colour of skin

A

Melanin, carotene and haemoglobin

36
Q

Melanin is produced by what type of cell?

A

Melanocytes

37
Q

Where are melanocytes found?

A

Scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis

38
Q

What cellular organelle transferes melanin into the keratinocytes?

A

Melanosome

39
Q

What aer the two types of skin receptors?

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

Paccinian corpuscles

40
Q

What is the function of meissner’s corpuscles?

A

To sense light touch

41
Q

Where are meissner’s corpuscle’s found?

A

Fingertips

42
Q

What do paccinian corpuscles sense?

A

Vibration and pressure

43
Q

What is the function of arrector pili muscles?

A

To straighten hair (happen’s during contraction)

44
Q

What are arrector pili muscles attached to?

A

Follicle root and base epidermis

45
Q

Where is the sebaceous gland found?

A

Between follicle and arrector pili muscle

46
Q

What do sebaceous glands do?

A

Secretes sebum

Function unknown

47
Q

What are the 4 types of tissue?

A

Epithelial

Muscle

Nervous

Connective

48
Q

What are the overarching classes of epithelial tissue?

A

Stratified and simple

49
Q

What is the difference between stratified and simple epithelial tissue?

A

Simple tissue is one layer thick while stratified tissue is multi-layered§

50
Q

What are the 3 different types of epithelial tissue?

A

Squamous

Cuboidal

Columnar

51
Q

What are teh 3 types of musclar tissue?

A

Skeletal muscle

Cardiac muscle

Smooth muscle

52
Q

Where is nervous tissue found?

A

In the brain, spinal cord and nerves

53
Q

What are the 4 regions of nervous tissue?

(structure of neuron)

A

Dentrites

Cell body(soma)

Axon

Terminals

54
Q

What are the 5 types of connective tissue

A

Bone

Blood

Cartialage

Loose connective tissue

Dense connective tissue

55
Q

What is the function of bone?

A

Provides protection to internal organs and supports the body. Bone’s rigid extracellular matrix conatins mostly collagen fibres embedded in a mineralised ground substance containing hydroxyapatite (a form of calcium phosphate)

56
Q

What are the 2 components of blood?

A

Cells and fluid matrix

57
Q

What are the 3 types of loose connective tissue?

A

Adipose

Aerolar

Reticular

58
Q

Where is loose connective tissue found?

A

Between many organs where it acts both to absord shock and bind tissues together

59
Q

What is the function of loose connective tissue?

A

To diffuse through adjacent or imbedded cells and tissues

60
Q

Describe adipose tissue

A

This is a loose connective tissue that consists of fat cells with little extracellular matrix. It stores fat for energy and provides insulation

61
Q

Describe areolar tissue

A

Fills the spaces between muscle fibres, surrounds lymph vessels, and supports organs in the abdominal cavity. Areolar tissue underlies most epithelia and respresents a connective tissue component of epithelial membranes

62
Q

Describe reticular loose connective tissue

A

Mesh like supportive framework for soft organs such as lymphatic tissue, the spleen and the liver. Reticular cells produce the reticular fibres that form the network onto which other cells attach

63
Q

What are the 3 types of dense connective tissue?

A

Regular

Irregular

Elastic

64
Q

Describe dense regular connective tissue and state where it is found

A

Dense regular connective tissue fibres are parallel to each other, enhancing tensile strength and resistance to stretching in the direction of the fibre oreintations

Ligaments and tendons are made of dense regular connective tissue

65
Q

Describe dense irregular connective tissue and state where it is found

A

In dense irregular connective tissue, the direction of fibers is random. This arrangement gives tissue greater strength in all directions and less strength in one particular direction

Dense irregular connective tissue is found in the lower layers of the skin(dermis) and in the protective white layer of the eyeball

66
Q

Describe elastic connective tissue and state where it is found

A

Elastic connective tissue is a modified dense connective tissue that conatins numerous elastic fibres in addition to collagen fibres which allows the tissue to return to its original length after stretching

The lungs and areteries have a layer of elastic connective tissue that allows the stretch and recoil of these organs

67
Q

What are the 3 types of cartialage

A

Hyline

Fibrocartilage

Elastic Cartilage

68
Q

What is cartilage

A

A tough flexible tissue found throughout the body - it covers the surface of joints, acting as a shock absorber and allowing bones to slide over one another

69
Q

What are chondrocytes and where are they found?

A

They are essentially cartialage cells, and they are embedded within the cartilage matrix

70
Q

What are lacunae

A

The space that the chondrocytes occupy in cartialage

71
Q

Describe hyline cartialge and state where it is found

A

most common type of cartilage in the body. Constists of short and dispered collagen fibres and contains large amounds of proteoglycans. Both strong and flexible it is found in the rib cage and nose and covers bones where they meet to form moveable joints. It makes up a template of the embryonic skeleton before bone formation

72
Q

Describe fibrocartilage and state where it is found

A

Fibroucartilage is tough because it has thick bundes of collagen fibres dispered through its matrix. The knee and jaw joints and the intervertebral discs are examples of fibrocartilage

73
Q

What are glands?

A

A collecion of secretory epithelial cells

74
Q

What are the two broad classifications of glands?

A

Exocine (do have ducts)

Endocrine(do not have ducts)

75
Q

Describe endocrine glands with reference to:

  • the presence of ducts
  • secretory products
  • Route of secretion
  • Examples
A

Endocrine glands do not have ducts. They secrete hormones which are released directly into the bloodstream - eventually reaching the target organ. Examples of endocrine glands incule thyroid glands, adrenal glands and pituitary glands

76
Q

Describe exocrine glands with reference to:

  • the presence of ducts
  • secretory products
  • Route of secretion
  • Examples
A

Exocrine glands have ducts present. They secrete sweat, enzymes, mucus and sebum. These secretory products are released to an internal organ or the external surface through a duct. Examples include salivary glands, pancreas and the liver

77
Q

What are the two classes of shape that exocrine glands can take

A

Simple or compound

78
Q

What are the two types of simple exocrine shape?

A

Tubular and acinar

79
Q

What shape is a compound exocrine gland?

A

Tubuloacinar (combination of tubular and acinar)

80
Q

What are the 3 methods of exocrine secretion?

A

Merocrine

Apocrine

Holocrine

81
Q

Describe how merocrine glands release secretions

A

They release their secretions in vesilces, eg salivary glands

82
Q

Describe how apocrine exocrine glands release their secretions

A

They release their secretions by pinching off a portion of the cell itself, eg mammary gland

83
Q

Describe how holocrine exocrine glands release their secretions

A

They release their secretions by rupturing the entire cell which contains the product. This is then replaced by cell division. eg some glands in the skin and eyelids

84
Q

What are the 2 main types of fibres found in connective tissue

A

Collagen and elastin

85
Q
A

My own anatomy (34 decks)

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