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My own anatomy > Cardiology embryology > Flashcards

Cardiology embryology Flashcards

1
Q

List the 5 main stages in heart development

A 
Bilateral heart primordia
Primitive heart tube
Heart looping
Atrial + ventricular septation
Outflow tract septation
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2
Q

During what week does the CVS first function?

A

Week 4

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3
Q

Why is the CVS one of the first systems to be formed?

A

The nutrition by diffusion is not sufficient to satisfy the rapidly growing embryo

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4
Q

What 3 things occur in week 3

A

Blood vessels (islands) first appear in the yolk sac, allantois, connecting stalk and chorion
Blood vessels in lateral plate spachnich mesoderm form 2 heart tubes
Heart tubes fuse and join blood vessels in other areas to form primordial CVS

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5
Q

What are blood vessel ‘islands’ known as

A

Cardiogenic field

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6
Q

Why does the heart tube come to lie dorsal to the pericardial cavity?

A

Due to crainial folding of embryo

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7
Q

What forms the parietal serous pericardium and the fibrous pericardium?

A

The somatic mesoderm

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8
Q

What forms the visceral serous pericardium?

A

The splachnic mesoderm

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9
Q

What forms the pericardial cavity?

A

The intraembolic coelom

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10
Q

What are the 5 parts of the primitive heart tube

A 
Primitive atira
Primitive ventricles
Bulbus cordis
Sinus venosis
Truncus arteriosis
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11
Q

Why does the cardiac loop form?

A

As the primitive heart tube invaginates the pericardium. And the growing tube becomes too large for the pericardium and so needs to fold/loop

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12
Q

Describe the fomration of the cardiac (bulboventricular) loop

A

Bulbus cordis + ventricle enlarge and loop to the right
The ventricle is pushed to the left and inferiorly
Atria pushed superiorly and posteriorly

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13
Q

Describe dextrocardia

A
  • Abnormal cardiac looping
  • Heart tube loops to the left side instead of the right, so ventricles come to lei facing the right (=dextro)
  • Most frequent positional abnormality of the heart
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14
Q

How are the left and right atrioventricular canals formed?

A

Via endocardial cushion growth that separates the Right atrium and ventricle from the left atrium and ventricle to form L + R AV canals

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15
Q

Describe the 1st step of the partitioning of the primitive atrium into the left and right atria

A

Formation of septum primum and osium primum

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16
Q

Describe the 2nd step of the partitioning of the primitive atrium into the left and right atria

A

Ostium secundum begins to form by apoptosis of part of the septum primum

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17
Q

Describe the 3rd step of the partitioning of the primitive atrium into the left and right atria

A

Formation of the ostium secundum is complete, formation of the septum secundum, closure of ostium primum as septum primum meets endocardial cushions

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18
Q

Describe the 4th step of the partitioning of the primitive atrium into the left and right atria

A

Formation of foramen ovale complete

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19
Q

What does septum mean?

A

Tissue

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20
Q

What does ostium mean?

A

Gap/space

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21
Q

Define the foramen ovale

A

The opening between the right and left atria that is present until birth

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22
Q

What is the role of the foreamen ovale before birth?

A

One way shunt allowing most of the blood to pass from the RA to LA (bypassing non-functioning lung), prevents passage of blood in opposite direction

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23
Q

What happens to the foramen ovale after birth?

A

Normally closes (increase pressure in LA due to increased pul circ at first breath)

  • Septum primum fuses with septum secundum
  • Fossa ovalis (depression in interatrial septum) of adult heart is reminent of foetal foreamen ovale
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24
Q

What does non-closeure of foramen ovale cause?

A

Result in patent foramen ovale (PFO) - a common form of congenital atrial septal defect (ASD) otherwise known as a hole in the heart

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25
Q

Describe the partitioning of the primitive ventricle

A
  1. Muscular ventricular septum forms

2. Aorticopulmonary septum divides bulbis cordis + truncus artiorosis into aorta + pulmonary trunk

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26
Q

What is the name of the opening when muscular ventricular septum forms?

A

Interventricular foramen

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27
Q

How is the interventricular foramen closed?

A

Bottom of spiarl aorticopulmonary septum fuses with muscular ventricular septum + endocardial cushions to form membraneous interventricular septum, closing interventricular foramen

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28
Q

What is the most common type of congenital heart disease?

A

Ventricular septal defect

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29
Q

What % of congenital heart disease is ventricular septal defect?

A

25%

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30
Q

Describe ventricular septal defect

A

Can appear in any part of septum, small VSDs close spontaneously

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31
Q

What % of VSD close spontaneously?

A

30-50%

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32
Q

What is the most common type of VSD?

A

Membranous

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33
Q

What is the role of the aorticopulmonary septum

A

Divides bulbus cordis + truncus arteriosis into aorta and pulmonary trunk (spiral)

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34
Q

Describe the transpotision of the great vessels

A

Aorta leves RV, pul trunk leaves LV

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35
Q

What does transposition of great vessels typically cause in newborn infants?

A

Cyanotic disease

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36
Q

What is transposition of great vessels typically associated with?

A

ASD + VSD (which would permit exchange of systemic and pulmonary circulation)

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37
Q

Describe the cause of transposition of the great vessels

A
  1. Failure of aorticopulmonary septum to take a spiral course
  2. Defective migration of neural crest cells to heart
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38
Q

What are SL valves formed from?

A

Subendocardial valve tissue

39
Q

What are the early pacemakers?

A

Cardiomyocytes in primitive atrium and sinus venosus

40
Q

When does the SA node develop?

A

5th week

41
Q

What forms the AV node and the bundle of his?

A

Develops from cells of AV canal + sinus venosus

42
Q

What is formed from the aortic sac/truncus arteriosis?

A

Aortic arches

43
Q

What is formed from the bulbus cordis?

A

RV and parts of the outflow tracts

44
Q

What is formed from the primitive ventricle?

A

LV

45
Q

What is formed form the primitive atrium?

A

Parts of RA and LA

46
Q

What is formed form the sinus venosis

A

SVC and RA

47
Q

What are the first arteries to appear in the embryo?

A

R and L primitive aortae

48
Q

Describe the primitive aorta

A

Each aorta has a ventral and dorsal part (ventral and dorsal aorta)

49
Q

how is the aortic sac formed?

A

Formed by fusion of the 2 ventral aorta (aka aortic sac gives rise to ventral aorta) aortic sac then becomes extension of truncus arteriosus

50
Q

When do the aortic arches form?

A

4th and 5th weeks

51
Q

how many pairs of aortic arches are formed?

A

6

52
Q

What are aortic arches formed from?

A

Aortic sac (then unite with dorsal aorta)

53
Q

What do aortic arches eventually form?

A

The great arteries of the neck and head

54
Q

What are the 2 methods of blood vessel development

A

Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis

55
Q

Define vasculogenesis

A

New formation of a primitive vascular network

56
Q

Dfine angiogenesis

A

Growth of new vessels from pre-existing blood vessels

57
Q

what happens to the first aortic arch?

A

Dissapears early

58
Q

What happens to the 2nd arotic arch?

A

Dissapears early

59
Q

What happens to the 3rd aortic arch?

A

Forms common carotid artery

60
Q

What happens to the 4th right aortic arch?

A

Forms subclavian artery

61
Q

What happens to the 4th left aortic arch?

A

Forms aortic arch

62
Q

What happens to the 5th aortic arch?

A

Dissapears

63
Q

What happens to the 6th right aortic arch?

A

Forms right pulmonary artery

64
Q

What happens to the 6th left aortic arch

A

Forms left pulmonary artery and ductus arteriosis

65
Q

What are 2 methods by which arotic arch abnormalities can form?

A

persistence of arches that normally regress

Progression of arches that normally persist

66
Q

What is an example of an aortic arch abnormality?

A

Right subclavian artery sometimes has abnormal origin on the Left which may constrict trachea and oesophagus

67
Q

Define a patent ductus arteriorsus

A

Ductus arteriosis should close off and become ligamentous. In this patient it did not close off

68
Q

What is a common cause of patent ductus arteriosus?

A

Associated with maternal rubella infection in early pregnancy

69
Q

What are the causes of patent ductus arteriosis?

A

Failure of muscular wall to contract
respiratory distress syndrome
Lack of surfactant in the lungs

70
Q

What can an uncorrected PDA cause?

A

Congestive heart failure with increasing age

71
Q

What other defects is PDA associated with?

A

ASD, VSA and coartication of the aorta

72
Q

Define coartication of the aorta

A

Congenital condition where aorta is narrowed, usually when ductus arteriosus (ligamentous arteriosum) inserts
- Most common in aortic arch

73
Q

Define preductal and post ductal coartication of the aorta

A 
Pre-ductal = proximal to ductus arteriosus
Post-ductal = distal to ductus arteriosus
74
Q

List the 2 main theories of cause of coartication of aorta

A

When ductus arteriosus contracts after birth, part of attached arch also constricts
or genetics/environmental

75
Q

What does the viteline vessel supply?

A

Yolk sac

76
Q

What does the viteline vessel turn into in adults?

A

Adult gut vessels

77
Q

What does the umbilical vessel supply?

A

The placenta

78
Q

What does the umbilical vessel turn into in adults?

A

Internal iliac

79
Q

What do the cardinal vessels supply?

A

Rest of the body

80
Q

What do the cardinal vessels turn into in adults?

A

SVC + IVC

81
Q

When does the lymphatic system develop?

A

End of 6th week

82
Q

What first develops regarding the lymphatic system?

A

6 primary lymph sacs develop at end of embryonic period, lymphatic vessels will later join

83
Q

What does the thoracic duct develop from?

A

2 Vessels anterior to aorta become L + R embryonic thoracic ducts

84
Q

What does the L embryonic thoracic duct give rise to in adults?

A

1/3 of the adult thoracic duct

85
Q

What does the R embryonic thoracic duct give rise to in adults?

A

2/3 of adult thoracic duct

86
Q

What organs does the placenta ‘replace’ in the foetus?

A

Lungs + kidney

87
Q

Describe foetal circulation

A

Oxygenated blood from the placenta reaches foetal IVC, via the umbilical veins, mostly by bypassing foetal liveer
Foetal blood in IVC = Mixed oxygenated + deoxygenated

88
Q

Name 3 foetal circulation shunts

A
  1. Ductus venosus
  2. Foramen ovale
  3. Ductus arteriosus
89
Q

Describe the ductus venosus

A

Shunts in L umbilical vein to IVC (allows oxygenated blood from placenta to bypass liver)

90
Q

Describe the ductus arteriosus

A

Shunts blood from the RV and pulmonary arteries to the aorta (allows blood to bypass lungs)

91
Q

What does the ductus venosus turn into?

A

Ligamentum venosum of the liver

92
Q

What does the ductus arteriosus turn into?

A

Ligamentum arteriosum between the L pul artery and the aorta

93
Q

What do the umbilical arteries turn into?

A

Medial umbilical ligaments of the anterior abdominal wall

My own anatomy (34 decks)

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