Thorax 2 - Anatomy of respiration

Question 1

What are some examples of primary and secondary muscles of respiration?

Answer 1

Primary - diaphragm, intercostals

Secondary - pectorals, scalene

Question 2

What does the diaphragm separate?

Answer 2

The thorax and the abdomen

Question 3

Why does the right hand side of the diaphragm have a higher dome?

Answer 3

This allows space for the liver to sit underneath.

Question 4

What 3 tubes pass through the diaphragm?

Answer 4

Oesophagus
Aorta (back of diaphragm)
Inferiour vena cava

Question 5

What are phrenic nerves?
Where do they descend to?
What spinal number do they originate from?

Answer 5

• They are part of the somatic PNS
• They descend through the thorax, outside the pericardium in front of the lung in contrast to the vagus nerve which passes behind the lungs.
• They originate from C3-C5

Question 6

Where does the pectorialis major attach?

Answer 6

To the entirety of the sternum

Question 7

Which muscle pulls up the thoracic cage contributing to an increase in volume?

Answer 7

Serratus anterior

Question 8

What muscles are involved in quiet inspiration?
Deep inspiration?
Deepest inspiration?

Answer 8

Quiet - diaphragm
Deep - diaphragm and external intercostals
Deepest - diaphragm, external intercostals, scalene, pectoralis

Question 9

Which sits above the other, the pharynx or the larynx?

Answer 9

The pharynx sits above

Question 10

What are the 3 types of pharyx?

Answer 10

Naso
Oro
Laryngo

Question 11

Why is the left primary bronchi at a sharper angle?

Answer 11

It is at a sharper angle because of the heart

Question 12

What do the bronchopulmonary segments of the lungs?

Answer 12

Supplied by segmental bronchi and bronchial arteries.

Question 13

How many lobes are on each side of the heart?

Answer 13

right = 3 lobes
left = 2 lobes

Question 14

What are the 3 surfaces of the heart and where do they face?

Answer 14

Costal - towards intercostal muscle
Diaphargmatic = towards the diaphragm
Mediastinal = facing towards the heart

Question 15

What are the 2 lobes in the left called? What are the 3 lobes in the right called?

Answer 15

2 lobes - superior, inferior

3 lobes - superior, middle, inferior

Question 16

How many pleura membranes does each lung have?

Answer 16

Two pleural membranes

Question 17

What are the visceral and parietal pleura?

Answer 17

Visceral = serous membrane that covers the surface of each lung and dips into  fissures
Parietal = outer membrane attached to the inner surface of the thoracic cavity

Question 18

What are the left and right pulmonary cavities separated by?

Answer 18

The mediastinum

Question 19

What is the function of the pleura?

Answer 19

• Allows the lungs to move freely without friction
• Surface tension between pleural layers keeps the lung surface in contact with the thoracic wall when air penetrates the pleural walls

Question 20

What are the 3 types of pressure in the lungs?

Answer 20

Atmospheric coming through the trachea.
Transpulmonary pressure between the pleura and lungs.
Intrapulmonary pressure in the lungs.

Question 21

Anteriorly, the inferior limit of the lungs is the — rib
Laterally the inferior limit of the lungs in — rib.
Posteriorly the inferior limit of lungs is — ribs.

Answer 21

6th rib
8th rib
10th rib

Question 22

Where do the bronchial artery take oxygenated blood to?

Answer 22

Takes it to the lung.

Question 23

What gives the bronchial artery nutrient supply?

Answer 23

The pulmonary artery runs along it

Question 24

What are the 4 neuro-vascular structure?

Answer 24

• posterior and anterior intercostal muscles
• internal thoracic artery/vein
• intercostal veins
• phrenic nerves