Bone cells, cartilage and function Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of bone in the body?

A

Support and muscle attachment. Houses haematopoiesis (formation of blood cells from stem cells). It is needed for protection and as a reservoir for calcium and phosphate.

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2
Q

What are the percentages of what makes up bone?

A

25% matrix (90% type 1 collagen, 5% protein, 5% water)

75% minerals (inorganic hydroxyapatite which is calcium-phosphate material)

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3
Q

What happens when you add acid or bleach to bone?

A

Acid dissolves the minerals and bleach dissolves the minerals

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4
Q

What are the 3 sections of a long bone called and where can you find the growth plate?

A

Epiphysis (end)
Metaphysis
Diaphysis (centre)

Growth plate in the metaphysis

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5
Q

Name and describe the cells found in bone

A
Osteoblasts
- bone forming cells
- cuboidal
- sit on bone surface
Osteoid 
- matrix not yet mineralised 
Osteocytes
- formed from osteoblasts
- embedded in lacunae 
- connected via canaliculi
Lining Cells
- lie on surface
Osteoprogenitor cells
- osteoblast precursors
- found in periosteum
- sit above osteoblasts as they are not yet osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
- only cells in body which degrade bone 
- sit in holes called Howship/s lacunae 
- multinucleated
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6
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage and elastic cartilage found?

A
Hyaline = trachea, articular joints, ribs
Fibro = intervertebral disc and tendon
Elastic = ear, larynx
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7
Q

What does type 1 and type 2 collagen make up?

A
1 = skin, bone, tendons, dentine
2 = cartilage
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8
Q

What is a proteoglycan?

A

A glycoprotein which consists of a protein attached to a GAG.

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9
Q

List the differences between bone and cartilage

A
B = rigid, C = deformable 
B = impermeable, C = permeable 
B = 25% matrix, 75% mineral, C = 25% matrix, 75% water 
B = appositional, C = appositional and interstitial 
B = vascularised, C = not vascularised
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10
Q

What cells come from mesenchymal stem cells? What cells come from heamatopoietic stem cells?

A

osteoblasts, osteocytes, lining cells, osteoprogenitor cells, chondrocytes

osteoclasts, monocytes/macrophages

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11
Q

What is the difference between woven and lamellar bone?

A
Woven = immature bone, fracture healing, irregular collagen fibres, high cellular content, less calcified 
Lamellar = all mature bone, low cellular content, heavily calcified
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12
Q

How are cortical and trabecular bone arranged?

Where are Haversian systems found?

A

Cortical - rings
Trabecular - sheets

Cortical bone

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13
Q

What is the function of a Haversian system/osteon?

A

A system of lamellae containing blood vessels and nerves. Communication between them occurs via osteocytes.

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14
Q

What is the function of a Haversian canal?

A

Nutrient canals, allowing communication between osteons.

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15
Q

How many lamellae is an osteon limited to and why/

A

6 lamellae because the nutrients have to pass the whole way via diffusion

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