Thorax 2 Flashcards
Where on the spine does the trachea extend to and from.
From C6 to T4/5
Where is the division of the upper and lower respiratory tracts?
The cricoid cartilage
How is the trachea held open?
C-shaped transverse cartilage rings
Why are the cartilaginous rings c-shaped with the open part facing posteriorly?
This is where the oesophagus runs therefore the open part allows the bolus of food to pass through
Where does the trachea bifurcate into the main bronchi?
At the sternal angle
What structure separates the right and left main bronchi?
The carina
What is the hilum and what structures are found there
An opening in the lung
The main bronchus, pulmonary arteries and veins
What is the difference in shape between the right main bronchus and the left main bronchus?
Right is wider, shorter and more vertical than the left
What does the difference in shape between the right and left main bronchi mean clinically ?
Inhaled foreign bodies tend to lodge more frequently on the right side than on the left.
How does the right main bronchus divide?
Main bronchus -> superior, middle, and inferior lobar bronchi -> segmental bronchi -> bronchioles -> alveoli
How does the left main bronchus divide?
Main bronchus -> superior and inferior lobar bronchi -> segmental bronchi -> bronchioles -> alveoli
What is the bronchopulmonary segment?
The smallest functionally independent area of lung supplied by a segmental bronchus and its accompanying pulmonary vessels. It is encased in connective tissue
What are the 3 cavities in the thorax?
2 pleural and mediastinal
Where are the lungs attached?
At the hila only
What does the oblique fissure do
Separates the inferior lobe from the superior lobe laterally and middle lobe medially
Wbat does the horizontal fissure do?
Separates the middle lobe from the superior lobe
What are numbers 1-4 on this diagram
1) Apex
2) Superior lobe of right lung
3) Middle lobe of right lung
4) Inferior lobe of right lung
What are numbers 7-11? not 10
7) Superior lobe of left lung
8) Oblique fissure of left lung
9) Inferior lobe of left lung
11) Cardiac notch
Name structures 1-5
1) Anterior border of right lung
2) Costal surface
3) Apex
4) Hilum
5) Bronchi
Name structures 6-12
6) Pulmonary artery
7) Inferior and superior pulmonary veins
8) Posterior border
9) Mediastinal surface
10) Inferior border
11) Diaphragmatic surface
12) Pulmonary ligament
Which is the outermost pleura? Visceral or parietal?
Parietal
What are the regions of the parietal pleura?
Costal, diaphragmatic and Mediastinal
How are the parietal and visceral pleura connected?
Parietal folds in on itself at the hilum
WHat type of fluid is secreted by the pleura and why?
Serous fluid so that lung can expand without friction
What is the pulmonary ligament
The excess parietal pleura that hangs from hilum of the lung, providing space for hilum to move when diaphrhagm flattens
What is the costodiaphragmatic recess?
When costal and diaphragmatic pleura join and form pocket.
The recesses are not present during deep inspiration
What is the costomediastinal recess?
When costal and mediastinal pleura join and form pocket.
The recesses are not present during deep inspiration
What are the origins of the diaphragm?
Muscular part of diaphragm
POSTERIORLY- L1-3 and RIBS 7-12
LATERALLY - COSTAL CARILAGES OF RIBS 7-10
ANTERIORLY - POSTERIOR SURFACE OF XIPHOID PROCESS
What are the insertions of the diaphragm?
Tendinous part of diaphragm
What is the significance of the tendinous part of the diaphragm to the heart?
It acts as an attachment site for the pericardium of the heart
Name structures 1 and 2 and describe what they are
1) Median arcuate ligaments
2) Lateral arcuate ligaments
They are more specific insertions of the diaphragm
Name structures 1 and 2 and describe what they are?
1) Right crus
2) Left crus
They are more specific insertions of the diaphragm which attach at the lumbar vertebrae
Name structures 1 and 2 and describe what they are?
1) Median arcuate ligament - provides hiatus for the abdominal aorta.
2) Suspensory muscle of duodenum - ligament which suspends duodenum in place
How is the diaphragm innervated?
By left and right phrenic nerve from C3-5 spinal nerves
How is the diaphragm vascularised?
Inferior Phrenic arteries which are the first branches of abdominal aorta
Where is the caval hiatus?
At level T8
What structures run through the caval hiatus
IVC - abdomen to heart
Phrenic nerve - thorax to abdomen where it sits on underside of diaphragm
Where is the oesophageal hiatus?
T10
What structures in through the oesophageal hiatus?
- Oesophagus
- left and right vagus nerves
- oesophageal branches of left gastric artery and vein
Where is the aortic hiatus?
T12 posterior to diaphragm
What structures run through the aortic hiatus?
- Abdominal aorta - throax to abdomen
- Thoracic duct - abdomen to thorax
- Azygos vein - abdomen to thorax
