Thorax 2

Question 1

Where on the spine does the trachea extend to and from.

Answer 1

From C6 to T4/5

Question 2

Where is the division of the upper and lower respiratory tracts?

Answer 2

The cricoid cartilage

Question 3

How is the trachea held open?

Answer 3

C-shaped transverse cartilage rings

Question 4

Why are the cartilaginous rings c-shaped with the open part facing posteriorly?

Answer 4

This is where the oesophagus runs therefore the open part allows the bolus of food to pass through

Question 5

Where does the trachea bifurcate into the main bronchi?

Answer 5

At the sternal angle

Question 6

What structure separates the right and left main bronchi?

Answer 6

The carina

Question 7

What is the hilum and what structures are found there

Answer 7

An opening in the lung
The main bronchus, pulmonary arteries and veins

Question 8

What is the difference in shape between the right main bronchus and the left main bronchus?

Answer 8

Right is wider, shorter and more vertical than the left

Question 9

What does the difference in shape between the right and left main bronchi mean clinically ?

Answer 9

Inhaled foreign bodies tend to lodge more frequently on the right side than on the left.

Question 10

How does the right main bronchus divide?

Answer 10

Main bronchus -> superior, middle, and inferior lobar bronchi -> segmental bronchi -> bronchioles -> alveoli

Question 11

How does the left main bronchus divide?

Answer 11

Main bronchus -> superior and inferior lobar bronchi -> segmental bronchi -> bronchioles -> alveoli

Question 12

What is the bronchopulmonary segment?

Answer 12

The smallest functionally independent area of lung supplied by a segmental bronchus and its accompanying pulmonary vessels. It is encased in connective tissue

Question 13

What are the 3 cavities in the thorax?

Answer 13

2 pleural and mediastinal

Question 14

Where are the lungs attached?

Answer 14

At the hila only

Question 15

What does the oblique fissure do

Answer 15

Separates the inferior lobe from the superior lobe laterally and middle lobe medially

Question 16

Wbat does the horizontal fissure do?

Answer 16

Separates the middle lobe from the superior lobe

Question 17

What are numbers 1-4 on this diagram

Answer 17

1) Apex
2) Superior lobe of right lung
3) Middle lobe of right lung
4) Inferior lobe of right lung

Question 18

What are numbers 7-11? not 10

Answer 18

7) Superior lobe of left lung
8) Oblique fissure of left lung
9) Inferior lobe of left lung
11) Cardiac notch

Question 19

Name structures 1-5

Answer 19

1) Anterior border of right lung
2) Costal surface
3) Apex
4) Hilum
5) Bronchi

Question 20

Name structures 6-12

Answer 20

6) Pulmonary artery
7) Inferior and superior pulmonary veins
8) Posterior border
9) Mediastinal surface
10) Inferior border
11) Diaphragmatic surface
12) Pulmonary ligament

Question 21

Which is the outermost pleura? Visceral or parietal?

Answer 21

Parietal

Question 22

What are the regions of the parietal pleura?

Answer 22

Costal, diaphragmatic and Mediastinal

Question 23

How are the parietal and visceral pleura connected?

Answer 23

Parietal folds in on itself at the hilum

Question 24

WHat type of fluid is secreted by the pleura and why?

Answer 24

Serous fluid so that lung can expand without friction

Question 25

What is the pulmonary ligament

Answer 25

The excess parietal pleura that hangs from hilum of the lung, providing space for hilum to move when diaphrhagm flattens

Question 26

What is the costodiaphragmatic recess?

Answer 26

When costal and diaphragmatic pleura join and form pocket.
The recesses are not present during deep inspiration

Question 27

What is the costomediastinal recess?

Answer 27

When costal and mediastinal pleura join and form pocket.
The recesses are not present during deep inspiration

Question 28

What are the origins of the diaphragm?

Answer 28

Muscular part of diaphragm
POSTERIORLY- L1-3 and RIBS 7-12
LATERALLY - COSTAL CARILAGES OF RIBS 7-10
ANTERIORLY - POSTERIOR SURFACE OF XIPHOID PROCESS

Question 29

What are the insertions of the diaphragm?

Answer 29

Tendinous part of diaphragm

Question 30

What is the significance of the tendinous part of the diaphragm to the heart?

Answer 30

It acts as an attachment site for the pericardium of the heart

Question 31

Name structures 1 and 2 and describe what they are

Answer 31

1) Median arcuate ligaments
2) Lateral arcuate ligaments
They are more specific insertions of the diaphragm

Question 32

Name structures 1 and 2 and describe what they are?

Answer 32

1) Right crus
2) Left crus
They are more specific insertions of the diaphragm which attach at the lumbar vertebrae

Question 33

Name structures 1 and 2 and describe what they are?

Answer 33

1) Median arcuate ligament - provides hiatus for the abdominal aorta.
2) Suspensory muscle of duodenum - ligament which suspends duodenum in place

Question 34

How is the diaphragm innervated?

Answer 34

By left and right phrenic nerve from C3-5 spinal nerves

Question 35

How is the diaphragm vascularised?

Answer 35

Inferior Phrenic arteries which are the first branches of abdominal aorta

Question 36

Where is the caval hiatus?

Answer 36

At level T8

Question 37

What structures run through the caval hiatus

Answer 37

IVC - abdomen to heart
Phrenic nerve - thorax to abdomen where it sits on underside of diaphragm

Question 38

Where is the oesophageal hiatus?

Answer 38

T10

Question 39

What structures in through the oesophageal hiatus?

Answer 39

• Oesophagus
• left and right vagus nerves
• oesophageal branches of left gastric artery and vein

Question 40

Where is the aortic hiatus?

Answer 40

T12 posterior to diaphragm

Question 41

What structures run through the aortic hiatus?

Answer 41

• Abdominal aorta - throax to abdomen
• Thoracic duct - abdomen to thorax
• Azygos vein - abdomen to thorax