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ANATOMY > HNS-2 > Flashcards

HNS-2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the borders of the anterior triangle of the neck?

A
  • Anterior border of sternocleidomastoid
  • Inferior border of mandible
  • Midline of neck
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2
Q

What muscles are in the anterior triangle?

A
  • Platysma​
  • Mylohyoid​
  • Digastric​
  • Infrahyoid (strap) muscles​
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3
Q

What blood vessels are in the posterior triangle of the neck?

A
  • External jugular vein​
  • Subclavian artery​
  • Subclavian vein​
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4
Q

What nerves are in the posterior triangle of the neck

A
  • Trunks of the brachial plexus​
  • Phrenic nerve​
  • Vagus nerve​
  • Spinal accessory nerve
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5
Q

What are the borders of the posterior triangle of the neck?

A
  • Sternocleidomastoid
  • Clavicle
  • Trapezius
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6
Q

What is number 1 on this diagram

A

Pretracheal Fascia

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7
Q

What is number 2 on this diagram?

A

Visceral compartment

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8
Q

What is number 3 on this diagram?

A

Vascular compartment

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9
Q

What is number 4 on this diagram?

A

Vertebral compartment

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10
Q

What is number 5 on this diagram?

A

Superficial fascia

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11
Q

What is number 6 on this diagram?

A

Carotid sheath (fascia)

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12
Q

What is number 7 on this diagram?

A

Investing fascia

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13
Q

What is number 8 on this diagram?

A

Prevertebral fascia

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14
Q

What is number 1 on this diagram

A

Infrahyoid muscles

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15
Q

What is number 2 on this diagram

A

Trachea

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16
Q

What is number 3 on this diagram

A

Esophagus

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17
Q

What is number 4 on this diagram

A

Internal jugular vein

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18
Q

What is number 5 on this diagram

A

Common carotid artery

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19
Q

What is number 6 on this diagram

A

Vagus nerve

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20
Q

What is number 7 on this diagram

A

Scalene muscles

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21
Q

What is number 8 on this diagram

A

Prevertebral fascia

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22
Q

What is number 9 on this diagram

A

Trapezius muscle

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23
Q

What is number 10 on this diagram

A

Investing fascia

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24
Q

What is number 11 on this diagram

A

Buccopharyngeal fascia

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25
Q

What is number 12 on this diagram

A

Carotid sheath fascia

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26
Q

What is number 13 on this diagram

A

Sternocleidomastoid muscle

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27
Q

What is number 14 on this diagram

A

Pretracheal fascia

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28
Q

What is number 15 on this diagram

A

Thyroid

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29
Q

What are the three branches of the aorta?

A

Brachiocephalic artery, Left common carotid and the left subclavian artery.

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30
Q

What is the first branch of the subclavian arteries

A

Vertebral branch

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31
Q

What is the course of the vertebral branch

A

The vertebral branch courses superiorly along each side of the neck region ​

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32
Q

What are the branches of the common carotid arteries

A

The external and internal carotids

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33
Q

What parts of the body do the external and internal carotids supply.

A

External - face (face is external part of head)
Internal - brain

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34
Q

What is number 1 in this diagram?

A

Superficial temporal artery

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35
Q

What is number 2 in this diagram?

A

Posterior auricular artery

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36
Q

What is number 3 in this diagram?

A

Occipital artery

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37
Q

What is number 4 in this diagram?

A

Ascending pharyngeal artery

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38
Q

What is number 5 in this diagram?

A

Internal carotid artery

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39
Q

What is number 6 in this diagram?

A

Common carotid artery

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40
Q

What is number 7 in this diagram?

A

Superior thyroid artery

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41
Q

What is number 8 in this diagram?

A

External carotid artery

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42
Q

What is number 9 in this diagram?

A

Lingual artery

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43
Q

What is number 10 in this diagram?

A

Facial artery

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44
Q

What is number 11 in this diagram?

A

Maxillary artery

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45
Q

What is number 1 on this diagram?

A

Maxillary vein

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46
Q

What is number 2 on this diagram?

A

Retromandibular vein

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47
Q

What is number 3 on this diagram?

A

Internal jugular vein

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48
Q

What is number 4 on this diagram?

A

Jugular venous arch

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49
Q

What is number 5 on this diagram?

A

Transverse cervical vein

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50
Q

What is number 6 on this diagram?

A

Supracapsular vein

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51
Q

What is number 7 on this diagram?

A

External jugular vein

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52
Q

What is number 8 on this diagram?

A

Anterior jugular veins

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53
Q

What is number 9 on this diagram?

A

Occipital vein

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54
Q

What is number 10 on this diagram?

A

Posterior auricular vein

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55
Q

What is number 11 on this diagram?

A

Facial vein

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56
Q

What is number 12 on this diagram?

A

Superficial temporal vein

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57
Q

Where does the facial vein drain into?

A

Internal jugular vein

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58
Q

Where do the opthalmic veins drain into and what is the clinical importance of this?

A

Cavernous sinus
- provides a potential route of infection back into the cranial cavity particularly from the eyes and nose

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59
Q

Where does the pterygoid plexus drain into?

A

Internal jugular vein

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60
Q

What is number 1 on the diagram

A

Opthalmic veins

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61
Q

What is number 2 on the diagram

A

Cavernous sinus

62
Q

What is number 3 on the diagram

A

Pterygoid plexus of veins

63
Q

What is number 4 on the diagram

A

Infra-orbital veins

64
Q

What is number 5 on the diagram

A

Facial vein

65
Q

What is number 6 on the diagram

A

Deep facial vein

66
Q

Where are central lines normally placed?

A

Internal jugular vein (main approach) and the subclavian vein

67
Q

What is number 1 on the diagram

A

Occipital nodes

68
Q

What is number 2 on the diagram

A

Mastoid/post auricular nodes

69
Q

What is number 3 on the diagram

A

Jugulodigastric nodes

70
Q

What is number 4 on the diagram

A

Superficial cervical nodes

71
Q

What is number 5 on the diagram

A

Deep cervical nodes nodes

72
Q

What is number 6 on the diagram

A

Jugulo-omohyoid nodes

73
Q

What is number 7 on the diagram

A

Submandibular nodes

74
Q

What is number 8 on the diagram

A

Submental nodes

75
Q

What is number 9 on the diagram

A

Pre-auricular/ Parotid nodes

76
Q

Where do all of the superficial nodes in the head and neck drain into?

A

The deep cervical nodes

77
Q

What is the function of the larynx

A
  • Acts as a valve allowing air into the trachea
  • Production of speech
78
Q

What is the function of the arytenoid cartilage?

A

Articulation of speech via movement of the vocal folds

79
Q

What is the function of the posterior crico-arytenid muscle?

A

Contraction of this muscle causes vocal folds to abduct (open)

80
Q

What are the 3 large unpaired cartilages in the larynx?

A
  • Cricoid
  • Thyroid
  • Epiglottis
81
Q

What are the 3 pairs of smaller cartilages in the larynx?

A
  • Arytenoid
  • Corniculate
  • Cuneiform
82
Q

How is the larynx innervated?

A

Branches of the vagus nerve.
- Superior laryngeal nerve (branch of vagus) splits into the internal and external laryngeal nerve and theses innervated the larynx.
- Recurrent laryngeal nerve also supplies.

83
Q

What is the effect of a lesion above the branches of the vagus nerve?

A

Lesion causes complete paralysis

84
Q

What is the effect of a lesion in the internal laryngeal nerve?

A

Loss of sensation above the vocal folds

85
Q

What is the effect of a lesion in the external laryngeal nerve

A

Paralysis of the cricothyroid muscle

86
Q

What is the effect of a lesion in the recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

Paralysis of all muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid and loss of sensation below the vocal folds

87
Q

Name number 1 in the diagram of the larynx

A

Epiglottis

88
Q

Name number 2 in the diagram of the larynx

A

Hyoid bone

89
Q

Name number 3 in the diagram of the larynx

A

Thyroid cartilage

90
Q

Name number 4 in the diagram of the larynx

A

Cricoid cartilage

91
Q

Name number 5 in the diagram of the larynx

A

Laryngeal inlet

92
Q

Name number 1 on this diagram of the larynx

A

Arytenoid cartilage

93
Q

Name number 1 on this diagram of the posterior larynx

A

Laryngeal inlet

94
Q

Name number 2 on this diagram of the posterior larynx

A

Epiglottis

95
Q

Name number 3 on this diagram of the posterior larynx

96
Q

Name number 4 on this diagram of the posterior larynx

A

Infraglottic space

97
Q

Name number 5 on this diagram of the posterior larynx

A

Vestibular fold

98
Q

Name number 6 on this diagram of the posterior larynx

A

Vocal fold

99
Q

Name number 7 (pink highlight) on this diagram of the posterior larynx

100
Q

Name number 1 on this diagram of the vocal folds

A

Epiglottis

101
Q

Name number 2 on this diagram of the vocal folds

A

Vocal fold

102
Q

Name number 3 on this diagram of the vocal folds

A

Vestibular fold

103
Q

Name number 4 on this diagram of the vocal folds

A

Cuneiform tubercle

104
Q

Name number 5 on this diagram of the vocal folds

A

Corniculate tubercle

105
Q

What group of muscles are important in the movement of the vocal cords

A

Arytenoid muscles

106
Q

Name muscles 1-3

A

1) Cricothyroid muscle
2) Staight part
3) Oblique part

107
Q

Name muscles 4 and 5

A

4) Posterior crico-arytenoid
5) Lateral crico-arytenoid

108
Q

What are the 4 protective mechanims for the airway?

A
  • Swallowing
  • Gag reflex
  • Sneezing
  • Coughing
109
Q

What is the blood supply of the thyroid gland

A

It is supplied by branches of the subclavian artery called inferior and superior thyroid arteries

110
Q

Label this typical vertebra

A

1) Pedicle
2) Transverse process
3) Lamina
4) Spinous process
5) Vertebral arch
6) Vertebral body \
7) Superior articular process
8) Inferior articular process

111
Q

What are the defining features of the cervical vertebra?

A
  • Short Vertebral body
  • Triangular vertebral foramen
  • Short and bifid (splits in two) spinous process
112
Q

What are the abnormal vertebra of the cervical spine called?

A
  • Atlas (C1)
  • Axis (C2)
113
Q

What are the distinguishable features of the atlas?

A

Lack of vertebral body

114
Q

What are the distinguishable features of the axis

A

Lack of vertebral body and presence of dens

115
Q

What is the atlanto-occipital joint?

A

‘YES’ joint
- Allows the movement of the head up and down

116
Q

What is the atlantoaxial joint and what dos it do?

A

‘NO’
- Allows rotation of the head towards left and right

117
Q

Name 1-5 on this diagram of the atlas and axis

A

1) Atlanto-occipital joint
2) Cruciate ligament
3) Superior longitudinal band
4) Transverse ligament of atlas
5) Inferior longitudinal band

118
Q

Name 6-8 on this diagram of the atlas and axis

A

1) Median
2) Lateral
3) Atlanto-axial joints

119
Q

Name 9-12 on this diagram of the atlas and axis

A

9) Tectorial membrane
10) alar ligament
11) Accessory part of the tectorial membrane
12) Posterior ligament turning into tectorial membrane

120
Q

What are the distinct features of thoracic vertebra?

A
  • Circular vertebral foramen
  • Long sloping spinous process
  • Facets on transverse processes for articulation of ribs
  • Heart shaped (this is a fat lie but whatever) vertebral bodies
121
Q

What are the distinct features of the lumbar vertebra

A
  • kidney shaped (this one I ACC believe), tall vertebral body
  • Long and thin transverse processes
  • Short and blunt spinous processes
  • Triangular vertebral foramen
122
Q

What is the function of the ligaments in the back?

A

To support the joints between vertebrae

123
Q

What are the attachments of the anterior longitudinal ligamnent?

A

It is attached to the base of the skull and extends inferiorly to attach to the anterior surface of the sacrum

124
Q

What are the attachments fo the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

It is attached to the posterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies and lines the anterior surface of the vertebral canal

125
Q

What are the attachments of the ligamenta flava?

A
  • Pass between lamina of adjacent vertebra
126
Q

What is the function of the ligamenta flava?

A

Resist separation of the lamina in flexuin and assist in extension back to anatomical positions

127
Q

What are the attachements of the supraspinous ligament

A

Passes along the tips of the spinous processes of vertebra C7 to sacrum

128
Q

What are the attachments of the ligamentum nuchae?

A
  • Superiorly, attached to the external occipital protuberance (basically bit of occipital bone that sticks out the most)
  • Inferiorly, attached to tip of spinous process of C7
  • Attached to tubercle of C1 and spinous processesof other vertebra
129
Q

What is the function of the ligamentum nuchae?

A
  • Supports the head
  • Resists flexion and facilitates return of head to anatomical position.
130
Q

What are the attachments of the interspinous ligaments?

A
  • Attach from base to apex of each spinous process
  • Blend with supraspinous ligament and ligamenta flava
131
Q

Name the ligaments shown in this picture?

A

1) Posterior longitudinal ligament
2) Anterior longitudinal ligament
3) Ligamenta flava
4) Supraspinous ligament
5) Intraspinous ligament

132
Q

Name the ligaments shown in this picture?

A

1) Posterior longitudinal ligament
2) Anterior longitudinal ligament
3) Ligamenta flava
4) Supraspinous ligament
5) Intraspinous ligament

133
Q

What are the 2 major types of joints between vertebrae?

A
  • Symphyses between vertebral bodies (intervertebral discs)
  • Synovial joints between articular processes (zygopophysial joints)
134
Q

What is the role of the anulus fibrosus and how does it work?

A

Limits rotation between vertebrae via lamellar confuguration of fibrocartilage

135
Q

What is the role of the nucleus pulposus and how does it work?

A

Absorbs compression forces between vertebrae because of its gelatinous nature

136
Q

What is mechanism of the herniation of intervertebral discs?

A

1) Tear occurs in anulus fibrosus
2) Material of nucleus pulposus follows through tear
3) Impinges on neural structures causing back pain

137
Q

Name number 1 on the diagram of neck muscles

138
Q

Name number 2 on the diagram of neck muscles

A

Hyoid bone

139
Q

Name number 3 on the diagram of neck muscles

A

Thyrohyoid muscle

140
Q

Name number 4 on the diagram of neck muscles

A

Sternothyroid

141
Q

Name number 5 on the diagram of neck muscles

A

Thyroid gland

142
Q

Name number 6 on the diagram of neck muscles

A

Second rib

143
Q

Name number 7 on the diagram of neck muscles

A

Anterior belly of digastric muscle

144
Q

Name number 8 on the diagram of neck muscles

A

Mylohyoid muscle

145
Q

Name number 9 on the diagram of neck muscles

A

Omohyoid muscle

146
Q

Name number 10 on the diagram of neck muscles

A

Thyroid cartilage

147
Q

Name number 11 on the diagram of neck muscles

A

Sternocleidomastoid muscle

148
Q

Name number 12 on the diagram of neck muscles

A

Sternohyoid muscle

149
Q

Name number 13 on the diagram of neck muscles

150
Q

Name number 14 on the diagram of neck muscles

A

Subclavius muscle

151
Q

Name numbers 15 and 16 on the diagram of neck muscles

A

15) Posterior belly of digastric muscle
16) Stylohyoid muscle

ANATOMY (14 decks)

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