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HNS-2 Flashcards

(151 cards)

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1
Q

What are the borders of the anterior triangle of the neck?

A
  • Anterior border of sternocleidomastoid
  • Inferior border of mandible
  • Midline of neck
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2
Q

What muscles are in the anterior triangle?

A
  • Platysma​
  • Mylohyoid​
  • Digastric​
  • Infrahyoid (strap) muscles​
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3
Q

What blood vessels are in the posterior triangle of the neck?

A
  • External jugular vein​
  • Subclavian artery​
  • Subclavian vein​
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4
Q

What nerves are in the posterior triangle of the neck

A
  • Trunks of the brachial plexus​
  • Phrenic nerve​
  • Vagus nerve​
  • Spinal accessory nerve
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5
Q

What are the borders of the posterior triangle of the neck?

A
  • Sternocleidomastoid
  • Clavicle
  • Trapezius
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6
Q

What is number 1 on this diagram

A

Pretracheal Fascia

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7
Q

What is number 2 on this diagram?

A

Visceral compartment

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8
Q

What is number 3 on this diagram?

A

Vascular compartment

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9
Q

What is number 4 on this diagram?

A

Vertebral compartment

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10
Q

What is number 5 on this diagram?

A

Superficial fascia

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11
Q

What is number 6 on this diagram?

A

Carotid sheath (fascia)

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12
Q

What is number 7 on this diagram?

A

Investing fascia

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13
Q

What is number 8 on this diagram?

A

Prevertebral fascia

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14
Q

What is number 1 on this diagram

A

Infrahyoid muscles

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15
Q

What is number 2 on this diagram

A

Trachea

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16
Q

What is number 3 on this diagram

A

Esophagus

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17
Q

What is number 4 on this diagram

A

Internal jugular vein

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18
Q

What is number 5 on this diagram

A

Common carotid artery

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19
Q

What is number 6 on this diagram

A

Vagus nerve

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20
Q

What is number 7 on this diagram

A

Scalene muscles

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21
Q

What is number 8 on this diagram

A

Prevertebral fascia

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22
Q

What is number 9 on this diagram

A

Trapezius muscle

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23
Q

What is number 10 on this diagram

A

Investing fascia

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24
Q

What is number 11 on this diagram

A

Buccopharyngeal fascia

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25
What is number 12 on this diagram
Carotid sheath fascia
26
What is number 13 on this diagram
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
27
What is number 14 on this diagram
Pretracheal fascia
28
What is number 15 on this diagram
Thyroid
29
What are the three branches of the aorta?
Brachiocephalic artery, Left common carotid and the left subclavian artery.
30
What is the first branch of the subclavian arteries
Vertebral branch
31
What is the course of the vertebral branch
The vertebral branch courses superiorly along each side of the neck region ​
32
What are the branches of the common carotid arteries
The external and internal carotids
33
What parts of the body do the external and internal carotids supply.
External - face (face is **external** part of head) Internal - brain
34
What is number 1 in this diagram?
Superficial temporal artery
35
What is number 2 in this diagram?
Posterior auricular artery
36
What is number 3 in this diagram?
Occipital artery
37
What is number 4 in this diagram?
Ascending pharyngeal artery
38
What is number 5 in this diagram?
Internal carotid artery
39
What is number 6 in this diagram?
Common carotid artery
40
What is number 7 in this diagram?
Superior thyroid artery
41
What is number 8 in this diagram?
External carotid artery
42
What is number 9 in this diagram?
Lingual artery
43
What is number 10 in this diagram?
Facial artery
44
What is number 11 in this diagram?
Maxillary artery
45
What is number 1 on this diagram?
Maxillary vein
46
What is number 2 on this diagram?
Retromandibular vein
47
What is number 3 on this diagram?
Internal jugular vein
48
What is number 4 on this diagram?
Jugular venous arch
49
What is number 5 on this diagram?
Transverse cervical vein
50
What is number 6 on this diagram?
Supracapsular vein
51
What is number 7 on this diagram?
External jugular vein
52
What is number 8 on this diagram?
Anterior jugular veins
53
What is number 9 on this diagram?
Occipital vein
54
What is number 10 on this diagram?
Posterior auricular vein
55
What is number 11 on this diagram?
Facial vein
56
What is number 12 on this diagram?
Superficial temporal vein
57
Where does the facial vein drain into?
Internal jugular vein
58
Where do the opthalmic veins drain into and what is the clinical importance of this?
Cavernous sinus - provides a potential route of infection back into the cranial cavity particularly from the eyes and nose
59
Where does the pterygoid plexus drain into?
Internal jugular vein
60
What is number 1 on the diagram
Opthalmic veins
61
What is number 2 on the diagram
Cavernous sinus
62
What is number 3 on the diagram
Pterygoid plexus of veins
63
What is number 4 on the diagram
Infra-orbital veins
64
What is number 5 on the diagram
Facial vein
65
What is number 6 on the diagram
Deep facial vein
66
Where are central lines normally placed?
Internal jugular vein (main approach) and the subclavian vein
67
What is number 1 on the diagram
Occipital nodes
68
What is number 2 on the diagram
Mastoid/post auricular nodes
69
What is number 3 on the diagram
Jugulodigastric nodes
70
What is number 4 on the diagram
Superficial cervical nodes
71
What is number 5 on the diagram
Deep cervical nodes nodes
72
What is number 6 on the diagram
Jugulo-omohyoid nodes
73
What is number 7 on the diagram
Submandibular nodes
74
What is number 8 on the diagram
Submental nodes
75
What is number 9 on the diagram
Pre-auricular/ Parotid nodes
76
Where do all of the superficial nodes in the head and neck drain into?
The deep cervical nodes
77
What is the function of the larynx
- Acts as a **valve** allowing air into the trachea - Production of speech
78
What is the function of the arytenoid cartilage?
Articulation of speech via movement of the vocal folds
79
What is the function of the posterior crico-arytenid muscle?
Contraction of this muscle causes vocal folds to abduct (open)
80
What are the 3 large unpaired cartilages in the larynx?
- Cricoid - Thyroid - Epiglottis
81
What are the 3 pairs of smaller cartilages in the larynx?
- Arytenoid - Corniculate - Cuneiform
82
How is the larynx innervated?
Branches of the vagus nerve. - Superior laryngeal nerve (branch of vagus) splits into the internal and external laryngeal nerve and theses innervated the larynx. - Recurrent laryngeal nerve also supplies.
83
What is the effect of a lesion above the branches of the vagus nerve?
Lesion causes complete paralysis
84
What is the effect of a lesion in the internal laryngeal nerve?
Loss of sensation **above** the vocal folds
85
What is the effect of a lesion in the external laryngeal nerve
Paralysis of the cricothyroid muscle
86
What is the effect of a lesion in the recurrent laryngeal nerve
Paralysis of all muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid and loss of sensation below the vocal folds
87
Name number 1 in the diagram of the larynx
Epiglottis
88
Name number 2 in the diagram of the larynx
Hyoid bone
89
Name number 3 in the diagram of the larynx
Thyroid cartilage
90
Name number 4 in the diagram of the larynx
Cricoid cartilage
91
Name number 5 in the diagram of the larynx
Laryngeal inlet
92
Name number 1 on this diagram of the larynx
Arytenoid cartilage
93
Name number 1 on this diagram of the posterior larynx
Laryngeal inlet
94
Name number 2 on this diagram of the posterior larynx
Epiglottis
95
Name number 3 on this diagram of the posterior larynx
Vestibule
96
Name number 4 on this diagram of the posterior larynx
Infraglottic space
97
Name number 5 on this diagram of the posterior larynx
Vestibular fold
98
Name number 6 on this diagram of the posterior larynx
Vocal fold
99
Name number 7 (pink highlight) on this diagram of the posterior larynx
Glottis
100
Name number 1 on this diagram of the vocal folds
Epiglottis
101
Name number 2 on this diagram of the vocal folds
Vocal fold
102
Name number 3 on this diagram of the vocal folds
Vestibular fold
103
Name number 4 on this diagram of the vocal folds
Cuneiform tubercle
104
Name number 5 on this diagram of the vocal folds
Corniculate tubercle
105
What group of muscles are important in the movement of the vocal cords
Arytenoid muscles
106
Name muscles 1-3
1) Cricothyroid muscle 2) Staight part 3) Oblique part
107
Name muscles 4 and 5
4) Posterior crico-arytenoid 5) Lateral crico-arytenoid
108
What are the 4 protective mechanims for the airway?
- Swallowing - Gag reflex - Sneezing - Coughing
109
What is the blood supply of the thyroid gland
It is supplied by branches of the subclavian artery called inferior and superior thyroid arteries
110
Label this typical vertebra
1) Pedicle 2) Transverse process 3) Lamina 4) Spinous process 5) Vertebral arch 6) Vertebral body \ 7) Superior articular process 8) Inferior articular process
111
What are the defining features of the cervical vertebra?
- Short Vertebral body - Triangular vertebral foramen - Short and bifid (splits in two) spinous process
112
What are the abnormal vertebra of the cervical spine called?
- Atlas (C1) - Axis (C2)
113
What are the distinguishable features of the atlas?
Lack of vertebral body
114
What are the distinguishable features of the axis
Lack of vertebral body and presence of dens
115
What is the atlanto-occipital joint?
'YES' joint - Allows the movement of the head up and down
116
What is the atlantoaxial joint and what dos it do?
'NO' - Allows rotation of the head towards left and right
117
Name 1-5 on this diagram of the atlas and axis
1) Atlanto-occipital joint 2) Cruciate ligament 3) Superior longitudinal band 4) Transverse ligament of atlas 5) Inferior longitudinal band
118
Name 6-8 on this diagram of the atlas and axis
1) Median 2) Lateral 3) Atlanto-axial joints
119
Name 9-12 on this diagram of the atlas and axis
9) Tectorial membrane 10) alar ligament 11) Accessory part of the tectorial membrane 12) Posterior ligament turning into tectorial membrane
120
What are the distinct features of thoracic vertebra?
- Circular vertebral foramen - Long sloping spinous process - Facets on transverse processes for articulation of ribs - Heart shaped (this is a fat lie but whatever) vertebral bodies
121
What are the distinct features of the lumbar vertebra
- kidney shaped (this one I ACC believe), tall vertebral body - Long and thin transverse processes - Short and blunt spinous processes - Triangular vertebral foramen
122
What is the function of the ligaments in the back?
To support the joints between vertebrae
123
What are the attachments of the anterior longitudinal ligamnent?
It is attached to the base of the skull and extends inferiorly to attach to the anterior surface of the sacrum
124
What are the attachments fo the posterior longitudinal ligament?
It is attached to the posterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies and lines the anterior surface of the vertebral canal
125
What are the attachments of the ligamenta flava?
- Pass between lamina of adjacent vertebra
126
What is the function of the ligamenta flava?
Resist separation of the lamina in flexuin and assist in extension back to anatomical positions
127
What are the attachements of the supraspinous ligament
Passes along the tips of the spinous processes of vertebra C7 to sacrum
128
What are the attachments of the ligamentum nuchae?
- Superiorly, attached to the external occipital protuberance (basically bit of occipital bone that sticks out the most) - Inferiorly, attached to tip of spinous process of C7 - Attached to tubercle of C1 and spinous processesof other vertebra
129
What is the function of the ligamentum nuchae?
- Supports the head - Resists flexion and facilitates return of head to anatomical position.
130
What are the attachments of the interspinous ligaments?
- Attach from base to apex of each spinous process - Blend with supraspinous ligament and ligamenta flava
131
Name the ligaments shown in this picture?
1) Posterior longitudinal ligament 2) Anterior longitudinal ligament 3) Ligamenta flava 4) Supraspinous ligament 5) Intraspinous ligament
132
Name the ligaments shown in this picture?
1) Posterior longitudinal ligament 2) Anterior longitudinal ligament 3) Ligamenta flava 4) Supraspinous ligament 5) Intraspinous ligament
133
What are the 2 major types of joints between vertebrae?
- Symphyses between vertebral bodies (intervertebral discs) - Synovial joints between articular processes (zygopophysial joints)
134
What is the role of the anulus fibrosus and how does it work?
Limits rotation between vertebrae via lamellar confuguration of fibrocartilage
135
What is the role of the nucleus pulposus and how does it work?
Absorbs compression forces between vertebrae because of its gelatinous nature
136
What is mechanism of the herniation of intervertebral discs?
1) Tear occurs in anulus fibrosus 2) Material of nucleus pulposus follows through tear 3) Impinges on neural structures causing back pain
137
Name number 1 on the diagram of neck muscles
Mandible
138
Name number 2 on the diagram of neck muscles
Hyoid bone
139
Name number 3 on the diagram of neck muscles
Thyrohyoid muscle
140
Name number 4 on the diagram of neck muscles
Sternothyroid
141
Name number 5 on the diagram of neck muscles
Thyroid gland
142
Name number 6 on the diagram of neck muscles
Second rib
143
Name number 7 on the diagram of neck muscles
Anterior belly of digastric muscle
144
Name number 8 on the diagram of neck muscles
Mylohyoid muscle
145
Name number 9 on the diagram of neck muscles
Omohyoid muscle
146
Name number 10 on the diagram of neck muscles
Thyroid cartilage
147
Name number 11 on the diagram of neck muscles
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
148
Name number 12 on the diagram of neck muscles
Sternohyoid muscle
149
Name number 13 on the diagram of neck muscles
Clavicle
150
Name number 14 on the diagram of neck muscles
Subclavius muscle
151
Name numbers 15 and 16 on the diagram of neck muscles
15) Posterior belly of digastric muscle 16) Stylohyoid muscle

ANATOMY (14 decks)

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