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ANATOMY > HNS-4 > Flashcards

HNS-4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the conchae in the nose?

A

Warms and humidifies air
Traps pathogens

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2
Q

What nerves innervate the nasal cavities for olfaction?

A

Olfactory - CN1

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3
Q

What nerves innervate the nasal cavities for general sensation in the anterior region

A

Opthalmic (V1) branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)

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4
Q

What nerves innervate the nasal cavities for general sensation in the posterior region

A

Maxillary (V2) branch of trigeminal nerve (CN V)

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5
Q

What nerves innervate the glands of the nasal cavities?

A

Facial nerve (CN 7) via parasympathetic fibres

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6
Q

What nerves innervate the vascular smooth muscle of the nasal cavities?

A

Sympathetic nerves from T1 of the spinal cord

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7
Q

What is the main blood supply of the nasal cavities

A

Internal and external carotid arteries

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8
Q

What is the clinical significance of the multiple anastomoses in the arteries supplying the nasal cavities?

A

Makes nose prone to epistaxis (nose bleeds)

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9
Q

Why is there a risk of infection spread from nasal cavity to cranial cavity?

A

Blood vessels which drain into nasal cavity pass through cavernous sinus and enter cranial cavity

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10
Q

What is number 1 in the diagram of the nasal cavity

A

Frontal process of the maxilla

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11
Q

What is number 2 in the diagram of the nasal cavity

A

Lacrimal bone

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12
Q

What is number 3 in the diagram of the nasal cavity

A

Superior concha

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13
Q

What is number 4 in the diagram of the nasal cavity

A

Middle concha

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14
Q

What is number 5 in the diagram of the nasal cavity

A

Uncinate process of ethmoid

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15
Q

What is number 6 in the diagram of the nasal cavity

A

Medial pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone

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16
Q

What is number 7 in the diagram of the nasal cavity

A

Perpendicular plate of palatine bone

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17
Q

What is number 8 in the diagram of the nasal cavity

A

Inferior concha

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18
Q

What is number 9 in the diagram of the nasal cavity

A

Minor alar cartilage

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19
Q

What is number 10 in the diagram of the nasal cavity

A

Major alar cartilage

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20
Q

What is number 11 in the diagram of the nasal cavity

A

Lateral process of septal cartilage

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21
Q

What is number 12 in the diagram of the nasal cavity

A

Nasal bone

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22
Q

What are the 4 paranasal sinuses?

A
  • Frontal sinuses
  • Ethmoid air cells
  • Sphenoid sinuses
  • Maxillary sinuses
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23
Q

What is the function of the paranasal sinuses?

A
  • decrease weight of skull
  • act as crumple zones in the case of facial trauma
  • increase resonance of the voice
  • humidify and heat inhaled air
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24
Q

What type of sinuses are the paranasal sinuses?

A

Mucus secreting ones

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25
Q

What nerves provide sensory innervation to the paranasal sinuses?

A
  • Frontal - Opthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve
  • Ethmoid air cells - Opthalmic and maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve
  • Sphenoid - Opthalmic and maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve
  • Maxillary - Maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve
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26
Q

What is number 1 on this diagram?

A

Frontonasal duct

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27
Q

what is the function of the frontonasal duct?

A

Drains the frontal sinus and anterior ethmoidal cells

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28
Q

What is number 4 on this diagram?

A

Spheno ethmoidal recess

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29
Q

Where does the sphenoidal sinus drain into?

A

Spheno-ethmoidal recess

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30
Q

What is number 5 on this diagram

A

Semilunar hiatus

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31
Q

What is number 7 on this diagram

A

Nasolacrimal duct

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32
Q

What is the function of the nasolacrimal duct

A

Site at which lacrimal fluid is drained

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33
Q

What is the purpose of the external ear

A

To transmit sound towards the tympanic membrane

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34
Q

What is number 1 on this diagram of the external ear

A

Concha

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35
Q

What is number 2 on this diagram of the external ear

A

Tragus

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36
Q

What is number 3 on this diagram of the external ear

A

External acoustic meatus

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37
Q

What is number 4 on this diagram of the external ear

A

Lobule

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38
Q

What is number 5 on this diagram of the external ear

A

Antitragus

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39
Q

What is number 6 on this diagram of the external ear

A

Antihelix

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40
Q

What is number 7 on this diagram of the external ear

A

Helix

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41
Q

What is the purpose of the small bones on the tympanic membrane?

A

Transmits sound into the inner ear

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42
Q

What is located in the inner ear?

A
  • Cochlea - hearing
  • Semicircular canals - balance
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43
Q

What is the function of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

Take signals related to balance and orientation from the vestibular system and the hearing information from the cochlea

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44
Q

What is the function of the pharyngotympanic tube?

A

Equalises pressure between the ear and the atmosphere

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45
Q

What ear muscles does the facial nerve provide motor function to?

A

Stapedius
Posterior belly of digastric muscle
Stylohyoid

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46
Q

Where does the facial nerve provide general sensation in th ear?

A
  • External acoustic meatus
  • Deeper parts of auricle
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47
Q

What parts of the ear does the facial nerve provide sensory function to?

A
  • external acoustic meatus
  • Deeper parts of auricle
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48
Q

What is the structure in the ear that the main facial nerve emerges from?

A

The stylomastoid foramen

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49
Q

What is the clinical relevance of the middle cranial fossa?

A

In the case of serious middle ear infections there can be transmission of infection from the middle ear to the middle cranial fossa which can result in serious complications such as meningitis

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50
Q

Name number 1 on this diagram of the orbit

A

Frontal bone

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51
Q

Name number 2 on this diagram of the orbit

A

Lesser wing of sphenoid bone

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52
Q

Name number 3 on this diagram of the orbit

A

Ethmoid bone

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53
Q

Name number 4 on this diagram of the orbit

A

Lacrimal bone

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54
Q

Name number 5 on this diagram of the orbit

A

Frontal process of maxilla bone

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55
Q

Name number 6 on this diagram of the orbit

A

Maxilla bone

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56
Q

Name number 7 on this diagram of the orbit

A

Zygoma bone

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57
Q

Name number 8 on this diagram of the orbit

A

Greater wing of sphenoid bone

58
Q

What is number 1 on this diagram? And what structures pass through it?

A

Superior orbital fissure
- Opthalmic division of trigeminal nerve (CNV1)
- Oculomotor nerve (CN3)
- Trochlear nerve (CN4)
- Abducens (CN6)
- Opthalmic vessels
- Sympathetic fibres

59
Q

What is number 2 on this diagram? And what structures pass through it?

A

Optic Canal
- Optic nerve (CN2)
- Opthalmic artery

60
Q

What is number 3 on this diagram? And what structures pass through it?

A

Inferior orbital fissure
- Maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve (CNV2)
- Infraorbital vessels

61
Q

What is number 1 on this diagram of eye muscles

A

Levator palpebrae superioris

62
Q

What is number 2 on this diagram of eye muscles

A

Trochlea

63
Q

What is number 3 on this diagram of eye muscles

A

Superior oblique

64
Q

What is number 4 on this diagram of eye muscles

A

Superior rectus

65
Q

What is number 5 on this diagram of eye muscles

A

Inferior oblique

66
Q

What is number 6 on this diagram of eye muscles

A

Inferior rectus

67
Q

What is number 7 on this diagram of eye muscles

A

Optic nerve

68
Q

What is number 8 on this diagram of eye muscles

A

Lateral rectus

69
Q

What is number 9 on this diagram of eye muscles

A

Medial rectus

70
Q

What is number 10 on this diagram of eye muscles

A

Common tendinous ring

71
Q

What is the common origin of the rectus muscles

A

Common tendinous ring

72
Q

What is the insertion of the rectus muscles?

A

They insert into the eyeball a few mm behind the cornea

73
Q

What nerve supplies the rectus muscles? (Except lateral rectus)

A

The oculomotor nerve (CN3)

74
Q

What nerve supplies the lateral rectus?

A

Abducent nerve (CN6)

75
Q

What is the origin of the inferior oblique muscle?

A

The orbital (inside part) part of the maxilla

76
Q

What is the origin of the superior oblique muscle?

A

sphenoid bone

77
Q

What is the insertion of the inferior oblique muscle?

A

Inferior surface of the outer posterior quadrant

78
Q

What is the insertion of the superior oblique muscle?

A

Superior surface of the outer posterior quadrant

79
Q

What nerve supplies the inferior oblique muscle?

A

Oculomotor (CN3)

80
Q

What nerve supplies the superior oblique muscle?

A

Trochlear (CN4)

81
Q

What is the action of the levator palpebrae superioris?

A

Lifting of the eyelid

82
Q

What nerves supply the levator palpebrae superioris?

A

Smooth muscle part - Fibres from sympathetic nervous system
Voluntary part - Oculomotor nerve

83
Q

What is the action of the lateral rectus

A

Moves the eye laterally

84
Q

What is the action of the medial rectus

A

Moves the eye medially

85
Q

What is the action of the inferior rectus?

A

Moves the eye medially and inferiorly

86
Q

What is the action of the superior rectus?

A

Moves the eye medially and superiorly

87
Q

What is the action of the superior oblique?

A

‘Down and out’ Moves eye inferiorly and laterally

88
Q

What is the action of the inferior oblique?

A

‘Upwards and out’ Moves eye superiorly and laterally

89
Q

How is lateral rectus function tested clinically?

A

Patient asked to look laterally (Each eye tested independently for each test - i cba to write this foreach one)

90
Q

How is medial rectus function tested clinically?

A

Patient asked to look towards nose (Each eye tested independentally)

91
Q

How is superior rectus function tested clinically?

A

Patient asked to look outwards (abducted position) then upwards

92
Q

How is inferior rectus function tested clinically?

A

Patient asked to look outwards (abducted position) then downwards

93
Q

How is superior oblique function tested clinically?

A

Patient asked to look towards nose (adducted position) then downwards

94
Q

How is inferior oblique function tested clinically?

A

Patient asked to look towards nose (adducted position) then upwards

95
Q

What is number 1 on this diagram of the nerves of the orbit?

A

Trochlear nerve (CN4)

96
Q

What is number 2 on this diagram of the nerves of the orbit?

A

Lacrimal nerve

97
Q

What is number 3 on this diagram of the nerves of the orbit?

A

Nasociliary nerve - branch of opthalmic division of trigeminal nerve

98
Q

What is number 4 on this diagram of the nerves of the orbit?

A

Frontal nerve

99
Q

What is number 5 on this diagram of the nerves of the orbit?

A

Parasympathetic ciliary ganglion of oculomotor nerve - autonomic fibres which constrict pupil and change thickness of the lens (accomodation)

100
Q

What other structures run through the parasympathetic cilliary ganglion?

A

Sympathetic fibres which innervate muscles that dilate pupil

101
Q

What is number 6 on this diagram of the nerves of the orbit?

A

Opthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve (CNV1)

102
Q

What is number 7 on this diagram of the nerves of the orbit?

A

Sensory trigeminal ganglion

103
Q

What is number 8 on this diagram of the nerves of the orbit?

A

Abducens (CN6)

104
Q

What is number 9 on this diagram of the nerves of the orbit? and what is its function?

A

Oculomotor (CN3) - carries autonomic fibres which alter size of pupil and thickness of lens

105
Q

What is number 10 on this diagram of the nerves of the orbit? and what is its function?

A

Optic (CN2) - takes info from eye to brain

106
Q

Why is the cavernous sinus clinically relevant?

A

Infections can enter brain through eye
Structures passing through are vulnerable to traumatic injury and inflammation

107
Q

What structures make up the nasolacrimal system?

A
  • Lacrimal gland
  • Lacrimal ducts
  • Lacrimal sac
  • Nasolacrimal duct
108
Q

Where does the nasolacrimal duct empty into?

A

The nasal cavity

109
Q

What nerves innervate the lacrimal gland?

A
  • Parasympathetic secretomotor fibres via facial nerve
110
Q

How is excess fluid drained from the eye?

A

Into nasal cavity via nasolacrimal duct

111
Q

Name number 1 on this diagram of the nasolacrimal system

A

Lacrimal gland

112
Q

Name number 2 on this diagram of the nasolacrimal system

A

Tendon of levator palpebrae superioris muscle

113
Q

Name number 3 on this diagram of the nasolacrimal system

A

Lacrimal canilculi

114
Q

Name number 4 on this diagram of the nasolacrimal system

A

Lacrimal sac

115
Q

Name number 5 on this diagram of the nasolacrimal system

A

Nasolacrimal duct

116
Q

Name number 6 on this diagram of the nasolacrimal system

A

Puncta

117
Q

What is number 1 on this cadaveric diagram of the eye?

A

Superior oblique muscle

118
Q

What is number 2 on this cadaveric diagram of the eye?

A

Superior rectus muscle

119
Q

What is number 3 on this cadaveric diagram of the eye?

A

Levator palpebrae superioris muscle

120
Q

What is number 4 on this cadaveric diagram of the eye?

A

Common annular tendon

121
Q

What is number 5 on this cadaveric diagram of the eye?

A

Trochlea

122
Q

What is number 6 on this cadaveric diagram of the eye?

A

Tendon of superior oblique muscle

123
Q

What is number 7 on this cadaveric diagram of the eye?

A

Medial rectus muscle

124
Q

What is number 8 on this cadaveric diagram of the eye?

A

Optic nerve

125
Q

What is number 1 on this diagram?

A

Lacrimal nerve

126
Q

What is number 2 on this diagram?

A

Lateral rectus muscle

127
Q

What is number 3 on this diagram?

A

Nasocilliary nerve

128
Q

What is number 4 on this diagram?

A

Long ciliary nerve

129
Q

What is number 6 on this diagram?

A

Opthalmic artery

130
Q

What is number 1 on this diagram?

A

Lacrimal gland

131
Q

What is number 2 on this diagram?

A

Lacrimal nerve

132
Q

What is number 3 on this diagram?

A

Frontal nerve

133
Q

What is number 4 on this diagram?

A

Oculomotor nerve

134
Q

What is number 5 on this diagram?

A

Olfactory bulb

135
Q

What is number 6 on this diagram?

A

Levator palpebra superioris muscle

136
Q

What is number 7 on this diagram?

A

Trochlear nerve

137
Q

What is number 1 on this diagram?

A

Ciliary nerves

138
Q

What is number 2 on this diagram?

A

Ciliary ganglion

139
Q

What is number 3 on this diagram?

A

Superior oblique muscle

140
Q

What is number 4 on this diagram?

A

Oculomotor nerve

141
Q

What is number 1 on this diagram?

A

Ciliary nerves

ANATOMY (14 decks)

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