Limbs 3 Flashcards
What are the 2 main regions of the lower limb
- The gluteal region - buttock/hip
- The free lower limb - thigh,leg,foot
What is not homologous about the lower limbs and the upper limbs?
The movements at the lower and upper limb are opposites
Upper limb flexion is in the opposite direction to lower limb flexion
Why are movements of the upper and lower limb opposite? and how does this affect the anatomy of lower limb muscles and dermatomes?
- Permanent pronation (internal rotation) at upper thigh level between weeks 7 and 8 of development
- Flexors now posterior and extensors anterior
- Dermatomes are distorted and have oblique fields
What is the difference in postitioning of the thumb and the big toe?
THumb is lateral and Big toe is medial
Name 1-5 on this diagram
1) Pelvic girdle
2) Patella
3) Tibia and Fibula
4) Femur
5) Tarsals, Metatarsals and Phalanges
How are the hip bones articulated to the pelvic girdle?
- Articulate posteriorly with the spinal sacrum at the sacroiliac joint
- Articulate anteriorly at the pubic symphysis
Which 3 bones is the hip bone formed from?
- Ilium
- Ischium
- Pubis
What is the triradiate cartilage?
Cartilage which joins the ilium ischium and pubis before the bones start to fuse at the age of 15.
Name 1-4
1) Anterior superior iliac spine
2) Anterior inferior iliac spine
3) Pubic tubercle
4) Ischial spine
Name 5-8
5) Ischial tuberosity
6) Obturator foramen
7) Acetabulum
8) Articular surface for sacrum
Label this diagram
SRP - Superior ramus of pubis
IRP - inferior ramus of pubis
RI - ramus of ischium
BI - body of ischium
OF - obturator foramen
What is the connective tissue which covers the obturator foramen called?
Obturator membrane
What type of joint is the hip joint?
Ball and socket
What feature of the femur allows a greater range of movement?
Narrow neck of femur
Which of the tibia and fibula is weightbearing?
Tibia
How does the tibia articulate distally to the foot?
Articulates with the talus in the foot
What is the importance of the lateral malleoulus in terms of the ankle joint?
Forms lateral wall of ankle joint
How are the shafts of the tibia and fibula connected
Interosseus membrane
What are the 3 parts of the tibial plateau?
- Lateral condyle
- Medial condyle
- Intercondylar tubercles of intercondylar eminence
What are the 3 different arches of the foot and which planes are they in?
- Medial Longitudinal arch - Proximal distal axis
- Lateral longitudinal arch - Proximal distal axis
- Transverse arch - Medial lateral axis
What is the purpose of the arches in the foot?
Distribute body weight and stiffen foot but allows flexibility and energy efficiency in walking and running
Name the joints of 1-3 and name the type of joint
1) Hip joint - ball and socket joint
2) Knee joint - Synovial hinge joint
3) Proximal tibiofibular joint - Plane synovial joint
Name the joints of 4-6 and name the type of joint
4) Toe joints (not official name) - mainly synovial
5) Sacroiliac joint - Synovial joint
6) Pubic symphysis - fibrocartilaginous joint
Name the joints of 7-9 and name the type of joint
7) Patello-femoral joint - gliding synovial joint
8) Distal tibiofibular joint - Fibroua joint
9) Ankle joint - Synovial hinge joint
What are the movements of the hip?
- Flexion and extension
- Abduction and adduction
- Circumduction
- Internal and external rotation
What are parts 1 and 2 of the acetabulum called?
1) Acetabular fossa
2) Acetabular notch
What connective tissue structures complete the acetabular notch and fill the acetabular fossa
Acetabular fossa - Fibro- fatty tissue
Acetabular notch - Transverse acetabular ligament
look at and learn diagram
What are the 3 main ligaments of the hip joint?
- Ilio-femoral ligament
- Pubo-femoral ligament
- Ischio-femoral ligament
Posterior view of the ischiofemoral ligament
How does the arrangement of the 3 main ligaments of the hip control moovement
The arrangement allows them to wind around each other bringing their attahed structures closer to each other
What are the movements of the knee joint
- Flexion and extension
- Gliding
- Rolling
- Limited rotation
What are the 2 pairs of ligaments which stabilise the knee joint?
- Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments
- Medial and lateral collateral ligaments
What are the cartilages between the lateral/ medial femoral and tibial condyles
- Lateral and medial menisci (meniscus)
pay attention to the position of the bursa for naming
Label this diagram of the bursae in the knee
1) Suprapatellar bursa
2) Subcutaneous prepatellar bursa
3) Subtendinous prepatellar bursa
4) Deep infrapatellar bursa
5) Subcutaneous infrapatellar bursa
What condition is this?
Prepatellar bursitis
What are the movements of the ankle joint?
Dorsiflexion
Plantarflexion
What joints does inversion and eversion of the foot occur?
Sub-talar and transverse tarsal joints
Label this diagram of the medial ligaments of the ankle joint
1) Tibiocalcaneal part
2) Tibionavicular part
3) Anterior tibiotalar part
4) Posterior tibiotalar part
Label this diagram of lateral ligaments of the ankle joint
1) Posterior talofibular ligament
2) Calcaneofibular ligament
3) Anterior talofibular ligament
Which of the medial and lateral ligaments of the ankle joint more commonly injured
Lateral ligaments commonly stretched and torn in sprains
