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ANATOMY > Limbs 1 > Flashcards

Limbs 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How are the upper limbs connected to the trunk (joints)

A
  • Sternoclavicular joints
  • Scapulo-thoracic joints
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2
Q

Which joints connecting UL to trunk are TRUE?

A

Sternoclavicular

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3
Q

Which joints connecting UL to trunk are virtual/physiological?

A

Scapulothoracic

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4
Q

What movements do the scapulothoracic joints allow?

A

Movements of the scapula against the posterior and lateral thoracic wall

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5
Q

How are the lower limbs connected to the trunk? (joints)

A

Sacroiliac joints

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6
Q

Where are the sacroiliac joints?

A

Between pelvis and sacrum

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7
Q

What are the 4 regions of the upper limnb?

A
  • The pectoral girdle
  • The arm
  • The forearm
  • The hand
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8
Q

Label bones 1-8

A

1) Clavicle
2) Scapula
3) Humerus
4) Radius
5) Ulna
6) Carpal bones
7) Metacarpals
8) Phalanges

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9
Q

Describe the attachments of the clavicle?

A
  • Medial end articulates with thoracic wall of the trunk at the manubrium
  • Lateral end articulates with scapular acromion
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10
Q

What structures does the clavicle support?

A

Scapiula and rest of upper limb which are suspended from it

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11
Q

Label this diagram of the posterior humerus

A
  1. Humerus shaft
  2. Medial Epicondyle
  3. Deltoid Tuberosity
  4. Radial Groove
  5. Lateral epicondyle
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12
Q

Label this diagram and name the bone.

A

Scapula
A - Acromion
C - Coracoid process
G - Glenoid fossa
Sub - Subscapular fossa
S - Supraspinous fossa
I - Infraspinous
Sp - Scapular spine

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13
Q

Which bone articulates with the glenoid fossa of the scapula?

A

The humoral head (proximal end of humerus)

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14
Q

Describe the articulation of the humerus?

A

Superiorly - Glenoid fossa - Shoulder joint
Inferiorly - Radius and Ulna - Elbow joint

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15
Q

Label this diagram of the anterior humerus

A
  1. Greater tubercle
  2. Intertubercular Sulcus (Bicipital groove)
  3. Lateral Epicondyle
  4. Lesser tubercle
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16
Q

Describe articulation of the radius and ulna?

A

At proximal end - Articulates with condyles of the humerus
At distal end - Articulates with the proximal carpal bones of the wrist

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17
Q

Describe the articulation of the hands and wrists

A
  • The distal ends of the radius and ulna articulate with the proximal row of carpal bones, with the exception of pisiform (a sesamoid bone).
  • The proximal row of the carpals articulate with the metacarpals of the hand, which in turn articulate with the phalanges of the digits
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18
Q

Label this diagram of the radius and ulna?

A
  1. Radius
  2. Radial tuberosity
  3. Ulna
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19
Q

What connects the radius and ulna together?

A

The interossus membrane
(fibrous joint)

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20
Q

Some Lovers Try Positions They Can’t Handle

Label this diagram of the hand (1-8)

A
  1. Capitate
  2. Trapezoid
  3. Tubercle of the trapezoid
  4. Tubercle of the scaphoid
  5. Lunate
  6. Triquetrum
  7. Pisiform
  8. Hook of hamate
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21
Q

Label this diagram of the hand (9-12)

A
  1. Base
    10.Shaft
  2. Tubercle
  3. Head
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22
Q

What are the 3 sections of the phalanges

A

Distal
Middle
Proximal

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23
Q

How many phalanges does each finger have

A

Every finger has 3 except the thumb which has 2

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24
Q

What kind of joints join the phalanges?

A

Synovial

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25
Q

What are the three types of synovial joints?

A
  • Uniaxial - mvmt in 1 direction
  • Biaxial - mvmt in 2 different planes
  • Multiaxial - mvmt on several axes
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26
Q

What are the 3 factors of joint mobility classification?

A
  • Synarthosis - little/no mobility
  • Amphiarthosis - Limited mobility
  • Diarthosis - Freely mobile
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27
Q

The more mobile a joint…

A

the less stable it is

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28
Q

What is a retinaculum

A

A retinaculum is thickened band of deep fascia found close to a joint. This band holds tendons down during muscle contraction to prevent bow-stringing, which might compromise function.

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29
Q

What is a bursa and where are they found (give example)?

A
  • A bursa is a closed sac of a serous memebrane which secrete lubricating fluid to their interior
  • Found at body sites subject to friction.(eg. elbow)
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30
Q

What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Synovial saddle joint

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31
Q

How is the sternoclavicular joint divided and stabilised

A
  • Joint cavity divided by fibrous articular disc
  • Stabilised with a number of ligaments
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32
Q

Describe the mobility of the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Significant mobility during clavicle elevation and protraction/retraction of the scapula

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33
Q

What type of joint is the Acromioclavicular joint (ACJ)and where is it located?

A

Type- Plane synovial joint
Location - Between the lateral end of clavicle and the acromion process of the scapula

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34
Q

What lies in the joint cavity of an acromioclavicular joint?

A

Incomplete wedge of fibrocartilage

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35
Q

Describe the mobility of the acromioclavicular joint?

A
  • Rotation and some vertical and anterior/posterior movements
  • Ligaments and muscles limit movements and stabilise the joint
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36
Q

Describe the movements that the scapulothoracic joint allows?

A

Movements of the scapula against the posterior and lateral thoracic wall.

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37
Q

What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint and where is it located?

A

Type - Ball and socket synovial joint
Location- Shoulder joint

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38
Q

Describe the mobility of the glenohumeral joint

A

Abduction, adduction, medial and lateral rotation, flexion, extension and circumduction.

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39
Q

Describe the mobility of the elbow joint

A

Configured so that flexion and extension occur at any degree of pronation/supination

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40
Q

Label this diagram of the elbow joint and describe the position and view it is in?

A

Position - Full flexion and anterior view
1) Radial fossa
2) Capitulum
3) Trochlea
4) Coronoid fossa
5) Coronoid process of ulna

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41
Q

Which structure lies in the olecranon fossa of the humerus in the posterior part of the elbow joint?

A
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42
Q

What type of joint is the wrist joint?

A

synovial joint between proximal carpal bone

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43
Q

there’s 2 names

What are the joints of the carpals called?

A
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44
Q

Label this diagram of the joints and ligaments of the hand

A

1.Palmar ligament (same as 8)
2.Distal interphalangeal joint
3.Proximal interphalangeal joint
4.Metacarpophalangeal joint
5.Collateral ligament
6. ‘Cord like part of collateral ligament
7. Fan like part of collateral ligament’

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45
Q

What are compartments (in limb anatomy)?

A
  • Groups of limb muscle with distinct function, same nerve supply, same blood supply.
  • Compartments are separated by connective tissue walls
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46
Q

Which 2 muscle groups serve the shoulder region?

A
  • Pectoral girdle muscles (anterior and posterior axio-appendicular muscles)
  • Intrinsic shoulder muscles (scapulohumeral muscles)
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47
Q

What are the pectoral girdle muscles?

A
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48
Q

What are the intrinsic shoulder muscles

A
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49
Q

What are the names of the rotator cuff muscles? (4)

A
  • supraspinatus
  • infraspinatus
  • teres minor
  • subscapularis (on the deep surface of the scapula so not visible)
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50
Q

What is the action of the intrinsic shoulder muscles?

A

Act to move humerus at shoulder joint
- Also stabilise the shoulder joint by holding HH in glenoid fossa

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51
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior flexor compartment of the arm

A
  • Biceps brachii
  • Coracobrachialis
  • Brachialis
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52
Q

What are the attachements of the biceps brachii?

A

LONG HEAD ORIGIN: the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
SHORT HEAD ORIGIN: originates from the coracoid process of the scapula.
INSERTION: distally into the radial tuberosity and the fascia at cubital fossa via the bicipital aponeurosis.

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53
Q

What are the attachments of the brachialis?

A

ORIGIN: the humeral shaft
INSERTION: coronoid process of ulna

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54
Q

What are the attachments of the coracobrachialis

A

ORIGIN: the coracoid process of the scapula.
INSERTION: humeral shaft

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55
Q

What is the action of the brachialis?

A

Flexion at elbow

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56
Q

What is the action of the biceps brachii?

A

Supination of the forearm. It also flexes the arm at the elbow and at the shoulder.

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57
Q

What is the action of the coracobrachialis?

A

Flexion of the arm at the shoulder, and weak adduction.

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58
Q

What are the muscles of the posterior extensor compartment of the arm
and what nerve supplies them?

A

Muscle
* Triceps
* Anconeus
Nerve: Radial nerve

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59
Q

What are the three compartments of the forearm muscles?

A
  • Superficial flexor compartment
  • Deep flexor compartment
  • Extensor compartmetn
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60
Q

Guide to forearm muscle terminology:

A
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61
Q

Name the muscles in the superficial flexor compartment of the forearm

A
  • Pronator teres (PT)
  • Flexor carpi radialis (FCR)
  • Palmaris longus (PL)
  • Flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS)
  • Flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU)
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62
Q

What is the common flexor origin of the superficial flexor compartment of the forearm?

A

Medial epicondyle of the humerus

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63
Q

What is the action of the flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

Flexion and ADduction of the wrist

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64
Q

What is the action of the palmaris longus?

A

Flexion at the wrist

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65
Q

What is the distal attachment of the palmaris longus and how does it get there?

A
  • Palmar aponeurosis
  • Passes over the flexor retinaculum in the carpal tunnel
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66
Q

What is the action of the flexor carpi radialis?

A

Flexion and ABduction of the wrist

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67
Q

What is the action of the pronator teres?

A

Pronation of the forearm

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68
Q

Name the muscle in the intermediate flexor compartment of the forearm?

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis

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69
Q

What is the proximal attachement of the flexor digitorum superficialis?

A

Medial epicondyle of the humerus

70
Q

What is the action of the flexor digitorum superficialis?

A
  • Flexes MCP joints
  • Flexes Proximal IP joints
  • Flexes wrist
71
Q

Name the muscles in the deep flexor compartment of the forearm

A
  • Flexor digitorum profundus (FDP)
  • Flexor pollicis longus (FPL)
  • Pronator quadratus (PQ)
72
Q

What is the proximal attachment of the flexor digitorum profundus?

A
  • Ulna
  • Interossesus membrane
73
Q

What is the action of the flexor digitorum profundum?

A
  • Flexes DIP joints , PIP and MCP joints of fingers 2-5 (not thumb)
  • Flexes at wrist
74
Q

What is the proximal attachement of the Flexor pollicis longus?

A
  • Anterior surface of Radius
  • Interosseus membrane
75
Q

What is the action of the flexor pollicis longus?

A
  • Flexes the IP and MCP joints of the thumb (pollicis)
76
Q

What is the proximal attachment of the pronator quadratus?

A
  • Anterior surface of the ulna
77
Q

What is the action of the pronator quadratus?

A

Pronates the forearm

78
Q

What is the general function of the muscles of the extensor compartment of the forearm

A

Extension, abduction and adduction of the wrist and fingers

79
Q

Name the 7 muscles in the superficial extensor (posterior) compartment of the forearm

A
  • brachioradialis
  • extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL)
  • extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB)
  • extensor digitorum
  • extensor digiti minimi
  • extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU)
  • anconeus
80
Q

What are the exceptions?

What is the common proximal tendon attachment of the superficial extensor forearm compartment

A

Lateral epicondyle of the humerus
exceptions:
- Brachioradialis
- Extensor carpi radialis longus

81
Q

What is the action of the brachioradialis?

A

Flexion of the elbow

82
Q

What is the action of the anconeus?

A
  • Extension and stabilisation of the elbow joint
  • Abduction of the ulna during pronation of the forearm
83
Q

What is the proximal attachment of the brachioradialis and extensor carpi radialis longus?

A

Lateral supracondylar ridge

84
Q

Name the 5 muscles of the deep extensor forearm compartment

A
  • Supinator
  • Abductor pollicis longus
  • Extensor pollicis brevis
  • Extensor pollicis longus
  • Extensor indicis
85
Q

What is the proximal attachment of the supinator?

A

Lateral epicondyle of the humerus and the posterior surface of the ulna

86
Q

What is the action of the supinator?

A

Supinates the forearm

87
Q

What are the proximal attachements of the abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus and extensor indicis?

A
  • Interosseus membrane
  • Posterior surfaces of the radius and ulna
88
Q

What are the thenar andhypothenar eminence

A

Thenar: Prominence between base of thumb and wrist
Hypothenar: Prominence betweeen base of little finger and the wrist

89
Q

Name the thenar muscles

A
  • abductor pollicis brevis
  • flexor pollicis brevis
  • opponens pollicis
90
Q

Name the Adductor muscle of the thumb and where does it lie in relation to the thenar muscles

A

Adductor Pollicis
Lies deep to thenar eminence

91
Q

Name the Hypothenar muscles

A
  • abductor digiti minimi
  • flexor digiti minimi
  • opponens digiti minimi
92
Q

Types, number and function

What are the interossei?

A

Muscles in hand
Types + number:
* Palmar (3)
* Dorsal (4)
Function
* Palmar - aDduct digits (PAD)
* Dorsal - aBduct digits (DAB)
* BOAF - contribute to extension of the fingers at the IP joints.

93
Q

How many lumbricals are there and what is their function?

A

FOUR
Function:
Flex MCPs and extend IPJs

94
Q

What are the attachments of the lumbricals?

A

Origin: Tendons of the flexor digitorum profundud
Insertion: Extensor expansions at the lateral side of digits 2-5

95
Q

What are the proximal and distal attachments of the extrinsic muscles of the hand?

very general

A

PROXIMAL - Forearm
DISTAL -Bones of the hand

96
Q

What is the general action of the extrinsic muscles of the hand?

A

Control of crude movements and production of a forceful grip

97
Q

What is the flexor retinaculum?

A

Thick connective tissue which forms the roof of the carpal tunnel

98
Q

What is the extensor retinaculum?

A

Thick connective tissue which transmits extensor tendons of the forearm

99
Q

What are the 9 tendons of the carpal tunnel?

A
  • The tendon of flexor pollicis longus
  • Four tendons of flexor digitorum profundus
  • Four tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis
100
Q

Which structures form the carpal tunnel?

A

Superiorly - Flexor retinaculum
Inferiorly - Carpal bones

101
Q

Which nerve passes through the carpal tunnel?

A

Median nerve

102
Q

What is the anatomical snuff box?

A

a triangular shaped depression on the dorsum of the hand, at
the lateral aspect of the wrist, seen when the thumb is extended

103
Q

What are the boundaries of the snuffbox?

A

tendon of Extensor pollicis longus medially and Extensor pollicis brevis and Abductor pollicis longus laterally.

104
Q

What is the action of the trapezius on the scapula

A
  • Elevates
  • Depresses
  • Retracts
105
Q

What are the attachments of the trapezius?

A
  • Vertebral column
  • Bony landmarks of scapula
106
Q

What are the attachments of the latissimus dorsi

A
  • PROXIMALLY - Vertebral column and scapula
  • DISTAL - intertubercular sulcus of the humerus
107
Q

What is the action of the lat dorsi on the humerus

A
  • Adducts
  • Extends
  • Medially rotates
108
Q

What are the attachments of the levator scapulae, rhomboid major and minor?

A
  • Vertebral column
  • Scapula
109
Q

What is the action of the levator scapulae, rhomboid major and minor on the scapula?

A
  • Levator scapulae elevates the scapula.
  • Rhomboids major and minor retracts the scapula.
110
Q

What are the scapulo-humeral muscles and what is their function

A
  • deltoid,
  • the rotator cuff muscles (subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres
    minor)
  • teres major
  • Function: attach scapula to humerus
111
Q

Which muscles have a distal attachment to the greater tubercle of the humerus?

A
  • Supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor
112
Q

What is the distal attachment of the subscapularis?

A

Lesser tubercle of the humerus

113
Q

What is the function of the rotator cuff muscles?

A
  • Individually, move the shoulder joint
  • Together stabilise the shoulder joint
114
Q

Which muscles make up the group of pectoral muscles?

A
  • Pec major
  • Pec minor
  • Subclavius
  • Serratus anterior
115
Q

What are the attachments of the pectoral muscles

A

Humerus and anterior and lateral thoracic wall

116
Q

What is the action of the pec major?

A

Adduction and medial rotation of the humerus

117
Q

What is the bicipital tendon?

A

It is what is formed when the 2 heazds of the biceps brachii fuse

118
Q

What is the proximal attachment of the long head of the biceps brachii?

A

Supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula

119
Q

What are the 2 distal attachments of the biceps brachii?

A
  • The bicipital tendon of the biceps attaches to the radial tuberosity and the bicipital aponeurosis
120
Q

Where does the bicipital aponeurosis merge with fascia?

A

THE cubital fossa

121
Q

What is the cubital fossa and what are its borders?

A

What is it?:
- Triangular shaped anatomical region anterior to elbow joint
Borders
- LATERAL - Brachioradialis
- MEDIAL - Pronator teres
- SUPERIOR - imaginary line drawn between the medial and lateral epicondyle of the humerus

122
Q

What is the distal attachment of the brachialis?

A

Coronoid process of the ulna

123
Q

What is the attachment of the coracobrachialis?

A

Coracoid process of the scapula and the shaft of humerus

124
Q

What is the action of the biceps brachii?

A

Supination of the forearm. It also flexes the arm at the elbow and at the shoulder.

125
Q

What is the action of the brachialis

A

Flexion at the elbow

126
Q

What is the action of the coracobrachialis

A

Flexion of the arm at the shoulder and weak adduction

127
Q

What are the three heads of the triceps brachii?

A
  • Long
  • Medial
  • Lateral
128
Q

What tendon forms when the three heads of the triceps brachii fuse?

A

Triceps tendon

129
Q

What is the proximal attachment of the long head of the triceps brachii?

A

Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula

130
Q

What is the proximal attachment of the medial head of the triceps brachii?

A

The shaft of the humerus (inferior to the radial groove)

131
Q

What is the proximal attachment of the lateral head of the triceps brachii?

A

The shaft of the humerus (superior to the radial groove)

132
Q

What is the distal attachment of the triceps brachii?

A

The triceps tendon inserts into the olecranon of the ulna

133
Q

What is the action of the triceps brachii?

A

Extension of the arm at the elbow

134
Q

Name number 1 on this diagram

135
Q

Name number 2 on this diagram

A

Head of humerus

136
Q

Name number 4 on this diagram

137
Q

Name number 6 on this diagram

A

Coracoid process

138
Q

Name number 1-5 on this diagram

A

1) Scapular notch
2) Supraspinous fossa
3) Scapular spine
4) Infraspinous fossa
5) Medial border of scapula

139
Q

Name number 6-8 on this diagram

A

6) Acromion
7) Lateral border of scapula
8) Inferior angle of scapula

140
Q

Name number 1-3 on this diagram

A

1) Greater tubercle of humerus
2) Intertubercular sulcus
3) Capitulum

141
Q

Name number 4-6 on this diagram

A

4) Lesser tubercle
5) Coronoid fossa
6) Medial epicondyle

142
Q

Name number 1-3 on this diagram

A

1) Trapezius
2) Rhomboid major
3) Latissimus dorsi

143
Q

Name number 4-7 on this diagram

A

4) Spine of scapula
5) Deltoid muscle
6) Infraspinous fascia - covering infraspinatus muscle
7) Teres major

144
Q

Name number 2-6 on this diagram

A

2) Infraspinatus
3) Teres minor
4) Teres major
5) Long head of triceps
6) Deltoid (cut and reflected)

145
Q

Name number 1-2 on this diagram

A

1) Short head of biceps brachii
2) Long head of biceps brachii

146
Q

Name number 1-3 on this diagram

A

1) Subscapularis
2) Deltoid
3) Biceps brachii

147
Q

Name number 4-6 on this diagram

A

4) Brachialis
5) Bicipital aponeurosis
6) Brachial artery

148
Q

Name number 1-3 on this diagram

A

1) Pec major
2) Long head of BB in intertubercular sulcus
3) Head of humerus

149
Q

Name number 4-5 on this diagram

A

4) Deltoid
5) Infraspinatus

150
Q

Name number 1-3 on this diagram

A

1) Articular circumference of radius
2) Radial tuberosity
3) Radial styloid process

151
Q

Name number 4-7 on this diagram

A

4) Trochlear notch
5) Coronoid process
6) Ulnar tuberosity
7) Styloid process of ulna

152
Q

Name number 1-4 on this diagram

A

1) Median nerve
2) Brachioradialis
3) Tendon of flexor carpi radialis
4) Palmar aponeurosis

153
Q

Name number 5-8 on this diagram

A

5) Bicipital aponeurosis
6) Palmaris longus
7) Tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris
8) Abductor digiti minimi

154
Q

Name number 1-4 on this diagram

A

1) Tendon of flexor carpi radialis
2) Flexor pollicis brevis
3) Median nerve
4) Flexor digitorum superficialis

155
Q

Name number 5-7 on this diagram

A

5) Ulnar nerve
6) Tendon of palmaris longus
7) Superficialis palmar arch (artery)

156
Q

Name number 1-4 on this diagram

A

1) Brachialis
2) Tendon of abductor pollicis longus
3) Tendon of flexor pollicIs longus
4) Tendons of flexor digitorum profundus

157
Q

Name number 5-8 on this diagram

A

5) Pronator teres
6) Tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris
7) Lumbrical muscles
8) Tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis

158
Q

Name number 1,2 and 4 on this diagram

A

1) Biceps brachii
2) Pronator teres
4) ADductor pollicis

159
Q

Name number 5-7 on this diagram

A

5) Interosseus membrane
6) Pronator quadratus
7) Flexor digiti minimi brevis

160
Q

Posterior view (pronated)

Name number 1-3 on this diagram

A

1) Anconeus muscle
2) Extensor carpi ulnaris
3) Extensor retinaculum

161
Q

Name number 4-6 on this diagram

A

4) Tendons of extensor digiti minimi
5) Extensor carpi radialis longus
6) Extensor carpi radialis brevis

162
Q

Name number 7-9 on this diagram

A

7) ABductor pollicis longus
8) Tendon of extensor pollicis longus
9) First dorsal interosseus

163
Q

Name number 1-4 on this diagram

A

1) Extensor carpi ulnaris
2) Fourth dorsal interosseus
3) Brachiradialis
4) Extensor carpi radialis brevis

164
Q

Name number 5-7 on this diagram

A

5) Extensor indicis
6) Tendon of extensor carpi radialis longus
7) First dorsal interosseus

165
Q

Name number 1-3 on this diagram

A

1) Scaphoid
2) Trapezium
3) Capitate

166
Q

Name number 4-6 on this diagram

A

4) Lunate
5) Pisiform
6) Hook of hamate

167
Q

Name number 1-3 on this diagram

A

1) Pronator quadratus
2) Tendon of flexor pollicis longus
3) Dorsal interosseus

168
Q

Name number 4-6 on this diagram

A

4) Palmar interosseus
5) Tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis
6) Tendons of flexor digitorum profundus

169
Q

Name number 1-2 on this diagram

A

1) Second and third metacarpal bones
2) Thenar muscles

170
Q

Name number 3-5 on this diagram

A

3) Fifth metacarpal bone
4) Hypothenar muscle
5) Tendons on flexor digitorun superficialis and profundus muscles

ANATOMY (14 decks)

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