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ANATOMY > Thorax 1 > Flashcards

Thorax 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What shape is the vertebral body of thoracic vertebra?

A

Heart shaped

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2
Q

Is the spinous process of thoracic vertebra short or long?

A

Long

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3
Q

What is the shape of the thoracic vertebral foramen?

A

Circular

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4
Q

Describe the articular processes of the thoracic vertebrae?

A

Superior - Points directly upwards and articular facets face directly posteriorly
Inferior - points directly downwards and articular facets directly anteriorly

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5
Q

What is number 1 on this diagram?

A

Vertebral body

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6
Q

What is number 2 on this diagram?

A

Vertebral foramen

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7
Q

What is number 3 on this diagram?

A

Facet for articulation with tubercle of rib

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8
Q

What is number 4 on this diagram?

A

Spinous process

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9
Q

What is number 5 on this diagram?

A

Lamina

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10
Q

What is number 6 on this diagram?

A

Transverse process

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11
Q

What is number 7 on this diagram?

A

Pedicle

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12
Q

What is number 8 on this diagram?

A

Facet for articulation with tubercle of rib

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13
Q

What is number 9 on this diagram?

A

Superior articular process

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14
Q

What is number 10 on this diagram?

A

Demifacets for articulation with head of ribs

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15
Q

What is number 11 on this diagram?

A

Inferior articular process

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16
Q

What do the superior and inferior costal facets articulate with

A

Superior - part of Head of its own rib
Inferior - part of Head of the rib below

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17
Q

Which thoracic vertebrae are atypical?

A

10, 11, 12

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18
Q

How is T10 atypical?

A

Lacks inferior demifacets

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19
Q

How are T11 and T12 atypical?

A

Lack inferior demifacets and transverse costal facets

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20
Q

Which ribs articulate with the vertebral column?

A

All of them

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21
Q

Which ribs are ‘true ribs’?

A

Upper seven ribs

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22
Q

Why are ribs 8 to 10 false ribs?

A

Their costal cartilages articulate anteriorly only with the costal cartilages of the ribs above and not with the sternum

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23
Q

Why are ribs 11 and 12 false ribs?

A

They have no anterior connection with other ribs or w the sternum.
They are floating ribs

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24
Q

What is number 1 on this diagram?

A

Head

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25
Q

What is number 2 on this diagram?

A

Tubercle

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26
Q

What is number 3 on this diagram?

A

Neck

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27
Q

What is number 4 on this diagram?

A

Angle

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28
Q

What is number 5 on this diagram?

A

Internal surface

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29
Q

What is number 6 on this diagram?

A

Costal groove

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30
Q

What is number 7 on this diagram?

A

External surface

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31
Q

What is number 8 on this diagram?

A

Costal cartilage

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32
Q

What is number 9 on this diagram?

A

Crest

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33
Q

Label this diagram

A

1) Jugular notch
2) Manubrium
3) sternal angle
4) body of sternum
5) Xiphoid process

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34
Q

What is the significance of the sternal angle

A

Clinically important as it acts as a surface landmark of the sternum

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35
Q

What are costovertebral joints

A

The point at which the head of the ribs articulate with costal facets

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36
Q

What are the boundaries of the superior thoracic aperture?

A

The body of vertebra T1 posteriorly
The medial margin of rib 1 on each side
The manubrium anteriorly.

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37
Q

What are the boundaries of the inferior thoracic aperture?

A
  • The body of T12 posteriorly
  • rib 12 and the distal end of rib 11 posterolaterally
  • the distal cartilaginous ends of ribs 7 to 10 anterolaterally
  • the xiphoid process anteriorly
  • It is closed by the diaphragm
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38
Q

Describe the external intercostal muscles

A
  • 11 pairs
  • Run inferomedially
  • Attach to inferior margin of rib above and superior margin of rib below
    -Innervated by intercostal nerves
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39
Q

Describe the internal intercostal muscles

A
  • 11 pairs
  • Run superomedially
  • Attach to lateral edge of costal groove of rib above and to superior margin of rib below (under external)
  • Innervated by intercostal nerves
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40
Q

Describe the innermost intercostal muscles

A
  • 11 pairs
  • Run superomedially
  • Attach to medial eve of costal groove of rib above and superior margin of rib below
  • Innervated by intercostal nerves
41
Q

How are external intercostal muscles involved in respiration?

A

Contract to lift ribs upwards and outwards and increase intrathoracic volume so lungs can expand during FORCED inspiration

42
Q

How are internal and innermost intercostal muscles involved in breathing.

A

Contract to pull ribs inwards and downwards to decrease intrathoracic volume in FORCED expiration

43
Q

Label the diagram

A

1) Intercostal nerve
2) Intercostal artery
3) Intercostal vein
4) Collateral branches

44
Q

What is the function of the transverse thoracic muscle?

A

Assists with forced expiration as it depresses ribs.
Proprioceptive function - feeds back info about position of rib cage to CNS

45
Q

What is the function of the serratus posterior superior muscle

A

Elevation of the rib cage
Proprioception - transmits info to CNS about rib position

46
Q

What is the function of the serratus posterior inferior muscle

A

Depression of ribs
Proprioception

47
Q

Describe the internal thoracic arteries

A
  • Branch from subclavian arteries
  • Run parallel to sternum on internal wall of anterior thoracic cage
  • Past rib cage, continue as superior epigastric arteries to supply anterior abdominal wall
48
Q

What are the significant branches of the internal thoracic artery?

A

Pericardiacophrenic artery: pericardium and diaphragm
Musculophrenic artery: intercostal muscles, diaphragm and abdominal muscles
Perforating branches: pec. major, breast and overlying skin

49
Q

Label the diagram

A

1) Subclavian artery
2) Internal thoracic artery
3) Pericardiacophrenic artery
4) Perforating branches of the internal thoracic artery
5) Musculophrenic artery
6) Superior epigastric artery

50
Q

What are the 2 parts the pectoral region is split into?

A
  • Superficial part - skin, fascia and breast tissue
  • Deep part - 4 muscles of anterior thorax
51
Q

What are the 4 pairs of muscles in the pectoral region

A
  • Pectoralis major
  • Subclavius muscle
  • Pectoralis minor
  • Serratus anterior muscle
52
Q

What is the origin of the Pectoralis major muscle?

A

Medial half of clavicle and anterior surface of sternum, first seven costal cartilages, aponeurosis of external oblique

53
Q

What is the insertion of the Pectoralis major muscle

A

Lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus

54
Q

What is the action of the pectoral region?

A

Adduction, medial rotation and flexion of the humerus at the shoulder joint

55
Q

How are the Pectoralis major muscles Innervated?

A

Medial and lateral pectoral nerves

56
Q

What is the origin of the subclavius muscle?

A

Rib 1 at junction between rib and costal cartilage

57
Q

What is the insertion of the subclavius muscle?

A

Groove on inferior surface of the middle third of clavicle

58
Q

What is the action of the subclavius muscle?

A

Pulls clavicle medially to stabilize sternoclavicular joint; depresses tip of shoul

59
Q

How is the subclavius muscle innervated?

A

Nerve to subclavius

60
Q

What is the origin of the Pectoralis minor?

A

Anterior surfaces of the third, fourth, and fifth ribs, and deep fascia overlying the related intercostal spaces

61
Q

What is the insertion of the Pectoralis minor muscle?

A

Coracoid process of scapula

62
Q

What is the action of the Pectoralis minor muscle?

A

Depresses tip of shoulder; protracts scapula

63
Q

How is the Pectoralis minor muscle Innervated?

A

Medial pectoral nerves

64
Q

What is the origin of the serratus anterior muscle

A

Anterior portions of first 8 ribs

65
Q

What is the insertion of the serratus anterior muscle?

A

Internal surface of medial border of scapula

66
Q

What is the action of the serratus anterior muscle?

A

Holds scapula against ribcage to prevent ‘winging’ of the inferior angle of the scapula

67
Q

How is the serratus anterior muscle Innervated?

A

Long thoracic nerve

68
Q

What are the main components of the breasts?

A
  • Mammary glands
  • skin
  • Connective tissues
69
Q

What are the main components of the mammary glands?

A
  • Lactiferous ducts which open independently onto the nipple
  • Associated secretory lobules
  • suspensory ligaments of the breast
70
Q

Where does the breast lie?

A
  • Deep fascia related to the pec major and other surrounding muscles
  • The base extends vertically from ribs 2 to 6 and transversely from the sternum to midaxillary line
71
Q

What separates the breast from the deep fascia?

A

Retromammary space

72
Q

Function of retromammary glands?

A
  • separates breast from deep fascia
  • provides some degree of movement
73
Q

What blood vessels supply the breast?

A
  • laterally, vessels from the axillary artery—superior thoracic, thoraco-acromial, lateral thoracic, and subscapular arteries;
  • medially, branches from the internal thoracic artery;
  • the second to fourth intercostal arteries via branches
74
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the breast

A

Veins draining breast drain into the axillary, internal thoracic and intercostal veins

75
Q

How is the breast Innervated?

A

Via anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of the 2nd to 6th intercostal nerves

76
Q

How is the nipple innervated?

A

By the 4th intercostal nerve

77
Q

Describe the lymphatic drainage of the breast

A
  • 75% via lymphatic vessels that drain into axillary nodes
  • Most of the rest is into parasternal nodes
  • Some is via intercostal nodes
78
Q

Why is lymph drainage of the breast important in malignant cancer?

A

Because it is so complex and the large number of drainage routes mean that metastases in can spread easily.

79
Q

Describe the structure of the diaphragm

A
  • It is a musculotendinous structure
  • Balloons superiorly to form domes
  • Right dome reaches rib 5 and left reaches lower.
  • oesophagus and inferior vena cava penetrate it and aorta passes posterior to it.
80
Q

How does the diaphragm act during breathing?

A

Expiration: Diaphragm contracts and height of domes decreases and volume of thorax increases.

81
Q

What is the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic muscles?

A

Extrinsic - Muscles that originate in one region and insert into another
Intrinsic - muscles that originate and insert in the same region

82
Q

What are the three groups of back muscles called?

A

Superficial - Extrinsic
Intermediate - Extrinsic
Deep - Intrinsic

83
Q

How are the superficial and intermediate muscles Innervated?

A

By the branches of the anterior rami of the spinal nerves of the back

84
Q

How are the deep muscles innervated?

A

By the posterior rami of the spinal nerves

85
Q

What is the action of the superficial muscles of the back?

A

To move the shoulder muscles

86
Q

What is the action of the intermediate muscles

A

Only consists of serrator posterior superior muscle therefore action is elevation of rib cage

87
Q

What is the action of the deep back muscles ?

A

Movement of the vertebral column and posture.

88
Q

Name labels 2, 4, 5, 6,7,8

A

2) Clavicle
4) Internal intercostal muscle
5) Transversus Thoracic muscle
6) Intercostal arteries and nerves
7) Musculophrenic artery
8) Superior epigastric artery and vein

89
Q

Name labels 9-14

A

9) Diaphragm
10) Rectus abdominis
11) Subclavian artery and brachial plexus
12) First Rib
13) Internal thoracic artery and vein
14) Sternum

90
Q

Name labels 16 and 17

A

16) Intercostal artery and vein
17) Xiphoid process

91
Q

Name labels 6-10

A

6) Clavicle
7) Subclavius muscle
8) Second rib
9) Anterior cutaneous branches of intercostal nerves
10) External intercostal membrane

92
Q

Name labels 14-17

A

14) Supraclavicular nerves
15) Pec. Major and lat3ral pectoral nerves
16) Thoraco-acromial artery and subclavian vein
17) Pectoralis minor muscle

93
Q

Name labels 23

A

23) Latissimus Dorsi muscle

94
Q

Name labels 25, 30, 31, 36

A

25) Axillary artery
30) Serratus anterior muscle
31) Thoraco-acromial artery
36) Anterior intercostal artery,vein and nerve

95
Q

Name labels 17,19, 20, 21

A

17) Axillary lymph nodes
19) Lateral thoracic vein
20) Lymph vessels
21) Serratus anterior muscle

96
Q

Name all labels in picture

A

4)Pectoralis major muscle
12) Pectoral fascia
13) Mammary gland
14) Serratus anterior muscle
9) Areola
10) Nipple (papilla)
15) Lactiferous sinus

97
Q

Name labels 1-5

A

1) Internal thoracic artery
2) Secretory lobules
3) Suspensory ligaments
4) Lactiferous ducts
5) Lactiferous sinuses

98
Q

Name labels 6-10

A

6) Retromammary space
7) Parasternal nodes
8)Areola
9) Axillary process
10) Pectoral axillary nodes

99
Q

Name labels 11-14

A

11) Lateral Axillary nodes
12) Lateral thoracic artery
13) Central Axillary nodes
14) Apical Axillary nodes

ANATOMY (14 decks)

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