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ANATOMY > Abdomen, Pelvis and perineum 2 > Flashcards

Abdomen, Pelvis and perineum 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the accessory organs of the GIT?

A

Liver, gallbladder and pancreas

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2
Q

What are accessory organs of the GIT ?

A

Organs that aid digestion

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3
Q

Where are the accessory organs of the GIT and spleen derived from?

A

Derived from the foregut part of the developing gut tube

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4
Q

What are the accessory organs of the GIT and spleen supplied by?

A

Branches of the coeliac trunk

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5
Q

What type of organ is the liver

A

Intraperitoneal organ

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6
Q

What is the function of the liver?

A
  • Clearance of harmful substances
  • Conversion of glucogen to glycogen to aid w/ storage
  • Production of bile
  • Transportation of bile to gallbladder
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7
Q

Where does the anterior border of the falciform ligament attach?

A

Anterior abdominal wall

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8
Q

Where does the posterior border of the falciform ligament attach?

A

Nowhere, it hangs free down to the umbilicus

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9
Q

What structure lies on the free border of the falciform ligament?

A

Ligamentum teres

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10
Q

What is the ligamentum teres?

A

Remnant of the umbilical vein

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11
Q

What structure does the ligamentum teres run through? And to where?

A

Runs through the hepatic notch and onto the underside of the liver

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12
Q

What structure does the falciform ligament become continous with at its attachment on the diaphragm

A

Coronary ligament

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13
Q

What ligament is shown here?

A
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14
Q

Which ligaments are shown here

A

Triangular ligements

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15
Q

What vessels enter and leave the porta hepatis?

A

Enter: Portal vein and hepatic artery
Leave: Hepatic ducts

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16
Q

What structure is this?

A

Hepatic notch

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17
Q

What structure is this?

A

Ligamentum teres

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18
Q

What structure is this?

A

Ligamentum venosum

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19
Q

Which structures is the ligamentum venosum a remnant of?

A
  • Umbilical vein
  • Ductus venosus
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20
Q

What structure is circled here?

A

Porta hepatis

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21
Q

What is the lobe shown here?

A

Quadrate lobe

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22
Q

What is the lobe shown here?

A

Caudate lobe

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23
Q

Which structure is shown in green here?

A

Hepatogastric ligament

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24
Q

What structure is the hepatogastric ligament a portion of?

A

The HL is the largest portion of the lesser omentum

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25
Q

What structure is at number 3?

A

Left triangular ligament

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26
Q

What structure is at number 1?

A

Right triangular ligament

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27
Q

What structure is at number 2?

A

Coronary ligament

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28
Q

What structure is at number 1?

A

Gallbladder

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29
Q

What structure is at number 2?

A

Cystic duct

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30
Q

What structure is at number 3?

A

Ligamentum teres

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31
Q

What structure is at number 4?

A

Common hepatic duct

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32
Q

What structure is at number 5?

A

Proper hepatic artery

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33
Q

What structure is at number 6?

A

Ligamentum venosum

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34
Q

Name these surface markings on the visceral surface of the liver

A

1) Gastric impression
2) Esophageal impression
3) Colic impression
4) Renal impression
5) Bare area
6) Suprarenal impression

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35
Q

What type of organ is a gallbladder?

A

Intraperitoneal

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36
Q

What is the biliary tree?

A

The series of ducts which stem from the liver and gallbladder to move bile towards the duodenum

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37
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

Stores bile

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38
Q

What structure is at number 1?

A

Neck

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39
Q

What structure is at number 2?

A

Body

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40
Q

What structure is at number 3?

A

Fundus

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41
Q

What structure is at number 1?

A

CYSTIC DUCT

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42
Q

What is role of the cystic duct?

A

Allows bile from liver to enter gallbladder to be stored

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43
Q

What structure is at number 1?

A

Right hepatic duct

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44
Q

What structure is at number 2?

A

Left hepatic duct

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45
Q

What structure is at number 3?

A

Common hepatic duct

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46
Q

What structure is at number 4?

A

Bile duct

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47
Q

What happens at the major duodenal papilla?

A

The series of ducts via which the exocrine cells of the pancreas secrete their enzymes into the duodenum end at the duodenal papilla.
Then the enzymes mix with the bile from the gallbladder here also.

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48
Q

What structure is formed when the pancreatic duct and bile duct join?

A

Hepatopancreatic duct

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49
Q

Where does the hepatopancreatic duct drain into?

A

Duodenum via the major duodenal papilla

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50
Q

What is the function of the minor duodenal papilla?

A

Point at which accessory pancreatic duct empties contents into duodenum
- Not usually functional - usually embryological remnant or degraded as with accessory duct.

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51
Q

What structure is at number 1

A

Accessory pancreatic duct

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52
Q

What structure is at number 2

A

Pancreatic duct

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53
Q

What structure is at number 1?

A

Hepatopancreatic duct

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54
Q

What structure is at number 1?

A

Minor duodenal papilla

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55
Q

What structure is at number 2?

A

Major duodenal papilla

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56
Q

What type of organ is the pancreas?

A

Mostly retroperitoneal except for tail which is intraperitoneal

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57
Q

How does the pancreas being mostly retroperitoneal affect how pain is felt from it

A

Pain is usually a dull ache towards the middle of back

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58
Q

What structure is at number 1 ?

A

Neck of pancreas

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59
Q

What structure is at number 2 ?

A

Body of pancreas

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60
Q

What structure is at number 3?

A

Tail of pancreas

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61
Q

What structure is at number 4 ?

A

Ascending part of duodenum

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62
Q

What structure is at number 5 ?

A

Uncinate process of pancreas

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63
Q

What structure is at number 6 ?

A

Inferior part of duodenum

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64
Q

What structure is at number 7?

A

Descending part of duodenum

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65
Q

What structure is at number 8?

A

Head of pancreas

66
Q

What structure is at number 9?

A

Superior part of duodenum

67
Q

What are the roles of the spleen?

A
  • Important in the immune system
  • Filters out red blood cells
  • Storage site for platelets
68
Q

Where is the spleen situated?

A
  • Behind the stomach in the left dome of the diaphragm
  • Anteriorly to ribs 9-11
69
Q

What type of organ is the spleen?

A

Intraperitoneal

70
Q

What types of surfaces does the spleen have?

A

Diaphragmatic and visceral

71
Q

Which organs is visceral surface of the spleen in contact with?

A
  • Stomach
  • Left kidney
  • Pancreatic tail
72
Q

Where is the hilum of the spleen situated and which vessels enter/leave via the hilum?

A
  • The hilum is situated at the spleens visceral surface
  • The splenic artery enters and the splenic vein leaves.
73
Q

What is the structure at number 1?

A

Splenic artery

74
Q

What structure is at number 2?

A

Splenic vein

75
Q

What structure is at number 1?

A

Superior notched border of spleen

76
Q

What structure is at number 3?

A

Renal surface

77
Q

What structure is at number 2?

A

Gastric surface of spleen

78
Q

Which major artery supplies the abdominal organs?

A

Abdominal aorta

79
Q

When does the thoracic aorta become the abdominal aorta?

A

As the TA passes through the diaphragm at T12

80
Q

What are the three major branches of the abdominal aorta and what organs do they supply?

A
  • Coeliac trunk
  • Superior mesenteric artery
  • Inferior mesenteric artery
    Supply: GIT and additional organs of the abdominal cavity
81
Q

Where does the abdominal aorta end?

A

the level of the umbilicus at L4

82
Q

What happens to the abdominal aorta at L4?

A

It bifurcates into the right and left common iliac arteries which supply the pelvis and lower limb

83
Q

What are the three groups that the branches from the abdominal aorta can be divided into. NB. not the names of the branches, more like type of branch.

A
  • Unpaired visceral
  • Paired visceral
  • Parietal
84
Q

Where do the unpaired visceral branches of AA arise from and what organs do they supply?

A

Arise: Anterior aspect of the aorta
Supply: Organs of the GIT and the accessory organs

85
Q

Where do the paired visceral branches of AA arise from and what organs do they supply?

A

Arise: Lateral aspect of the aorta
Supply: Adrenal glands, kidneys and gonads

86
Q

Where do the parietal branches of AA arise from and what organs do they supply?

A

Arise: Posterolaterally
Supply: Posterior abdominal wall musculoskeletal structure

87
Q

What is the order of main arteries branching from the abdominal aorta? Superior to inferior
(I C SEXY MEN REALLY GETTING IN LITTLE COOCHIES)

A

1) Inferior phrenic arteries (L+R)
2) Coeliac trunk
3) SMA
4) Middle adrenal arteries (L+R)
5) Renal arteries (L+R)
6) Gonadal arteries (L+R)
7) IMA
8) Lumbar arteries
9) Common iliac arteries (L+R)

88
Q

What is the order of the types of branches of the abdominal aorta?

A
  1. Parietal
  2. Unpaired visceral
  3. Unpaired visceral
  4. Paired visceral
  5. Paired visceral
  6. Paired visceral
  7. Unpaired visceral
  8. Parietal
  9. Bifurcation of aorta
89
Q

What are the vertebral levels of the branches of the abdominal aorta in order?

A
  1. T12
  2. T12/L1
  3. L1
  4. L1
  5. L1 (below SMA)
  6. L1
  7. L3
  8. L1-L4
  9. L4
90
Q

What are the additional branches of the inferior phrenic arteries?

A

Superior suprarenal arteries (L+R)

91
Q

What are the main branches of the coeliac trunk

A
  • Left gastric artery
  • Splenic artery
  • Common hepatic artery
92
Q

Draw diagram of coeliac trunk arteries

93
Q

What is the clinical significance of the relationship between peptic ulcers and gastroduodenal artery?

A

The GD artery lies close to stomach and duodenum.
Ulcers in these structures may erode through wall of these orgsans and rupture gastroduodenal artery causeing bleed into peritoneal cavity.

94
Q

What type of structures does the SMA supply?

A

Midgut (from second part of duodenum to final 1/3 transverse colon)
- Head of pancreas

96
Q

What are the branches of the superior mesenteric artery?

A
  • 1ST BRANCH: Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
  • Jejunal
  • Ileal
  • Ileocolic
  • Right colic
  • Middle colic
  • Marginal artery
97
Q

How do the jejunal and ileal arteries anastamose with each other and where do they lie?

A
  • They give rise to arcades whihc anastamose with each other as back up
  • Lie within the mesentary of the small intestine
98
Q

Which structure does the right colic artery supply?

A

Ascending colon

99
Q

Which structure does the middle colic artery supply?

A

Transverse colon

100
Q

How is the marginal artery formed?

A
  • Middle colic anastamoses with branches from IMA at ‘watershed area’ (part of transverse colon supplied by both SMA and IMA)
  • The artery formed by the anastamoses is the marginal artery
101
Q

Label

A
  1. Middle colic
  2. Right colic
  3. Ileocolic
  4. SMA
  5. Jejunal and ileal
102
Q

What are the additional branches of the renal arteries?

A
  • Inferior suprarenal arteries (L+R)
  • Segmental arteries
103
Q

What are the additional branches of the inferior mesenteric artery?

A
  • Sigmoid artery
  • Left colic artery
  • Superior rectal arteries
104
Q

What are the additional branches of the common iliac arteries?

A

Internal and external iliac arteries (L+R)

105
Q

Which artery is number 1?

A

Right nferior phrenic artery

106
Q

Which artery is number 2?

A

Coeliac trunk

107
Q

Which artery is number 4?

A

Right renal artery

108
Q

Which artery is number 8?

A

Abdominal aorta

109
Q

Which artery is number 9?

A

Third left lumbar artery

110
Q

Which artery is number 5?

A

Superior mesenteric artery

111
Q

Which artery is number 10?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

112
Q

Which artery is number 7?

A

Right common iliac artery

113
Q

Which artery is number 6?

A

Right gonadal artery

114
Q

Which artery is number 3?

A

Right Middle adrenal artery

115
Q

Which artery is number 1?

A

Common hepatic artery

116
Q

Which artery is number 2?

A

Left gastric artery

117
Q

Which artery is number 3?

A

Splenic artery

118
Q

Which branch of SMA is highlighted in orange here?

A

Middle colic artery

119
Q

Which branch of SMA is highlighted in orange here?

A

Jejunal arteries

120
Q

Which branch of SMA is highlighted in orange here?

A

Ileal arteries

121
Q

Which branch of SMA is highlighted in orange here?

A

Ileocolic artery

122
Q

Which branch of SMA is highlighted in orange here?

A

Right colic artery

123
Q

Which branch of SMA is highlighted in orange here?

A

Marginal artery

124
Q

Which branch of IMA is highlighted in orange here?

A

Left colic artery

125
Q

Which branch of IMA is highlighted in orange here?

A

Marginal artery

126
Q

Which branch of IMA is highlighted in orange here?

A

Sigmoid arteries

127
Q

What are the 2 venous drainage pathways of the abdominal organs

A
  • Portal venous system
  • System venous system
128
Q

What is the role of the portal venous system?

A

PVS directs blood that has been drained from the GIT and associated organs to the liver to be processed before it enters back into general circulation. This is to ensure that toxins and other substances which need to be broken down by the liver are directed straight to the liver

129
Q

From Which organs are blood not drained into PVS?

A

Kidneys
Adrenal glands

130
Q

How does the portal venous system work?

A
  • Abdominal organs drain into their respective veins
  • This blood makes its way to the liver via a series of veins which join to form the hepatic portal vein
  • Portal vein drains into liver where blood is processed
  • Once processed, the liver drains the blood into the IVC where is returns to systemic circulation
131
Q

The portal vein is formed by the confluence of which 3 major vessels?

A
  • SMV
  • IMV
  • Splenic vein
132
Q

What vein is number 1 here?

A

Middle colic vein

133
Q

What vein is number 4 here?

A

Superior mesenteric vein

134
Q

What vein is number 5 here?

A

Jejunal veins

135
Q

What vein is number 5 here?

A

Jejunal veins

136
Q

What vein is number 3 here?

A

Ileocolic vein

137
Q

What vein is number 2 here?

A

Right colic vein

138
Q

What vein is number 6 here?

A

Ileal veins

139
Q

What vein is number 1 here?

A

Right gastric vein

140
Q

What vein is number 2 here?

A

Hepatic portal vein

141
Q

What vein is number 3 here?

A

Left gastric vein

142
Q

What vein is number 1 here?

A

Splenic vein

143
Q

What vein is number 2 here?

144
Q

What vein is number 3 here?

A

Left colic vein

145
Q

What vein is number 4 here?

A

sigmoid vein

146
Q

What vein is number 1 here?

A

Hepatic veins

147
Q

What vein is number 2 here?

148
Q

What vein is number 3 here?

A

Right renal vein

149
Q

What vein is number 4 here?

A

Right testicular vein

150
Q

What vein is number 5 here?

A

Left common iliac vein

151
Q

What vein is number 7 here?

A

Left testicular vein

152
Q

What vein is number 8 here?

A

Left renal vein

153
Q

What vein is number 6 here?

A

Left adrenal vein

154
Q

Why is the venous drainage of the abdominal organs clinically relevant?

A

There are many sites where the portal venous system anastomoses with the systemic venous system therefore if there is a problem, blood from PVS can be diverted into SVS.
- This can cause oesophageal varices, varicose veins of the anterior abdo wall and haemorrhoids in the rectum.

155
Q

What type of lymph nodes does lypmh from abdo organs drain into?

A

Pre-aortic lymph nodes

156
Q

Where are the pre-aortic lymph nodes of the abdomen located?

A

At the origins of the three anterior branches of the abdominal aorta
i.e. coeliac, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric

157
Q

What are the names of the pre-aortic lymph nodes of the abdomen

A

coeliac
superior mesenteric
inferior mesenteric

158
Q

Which structures drain into coeliac nodes

A

Foregut structures

159
Q

Which structures drain into superior mesenteric nodes

A

Midgut structures

161
Q

Which structures drain into inferior mesenteric nodes

A

Hindgut structures

ANATOMY (14 decks)

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