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Clinical Morphology > Thoracic cavity > Flashcards

Thoracic cavity Flashcards

1
Q

true ribs

A

1-7, attach via costal cartilage to sternum

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2
Q

false ribs

A

8-10, attach via costal cartilage but not directly to sternum

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3
Q

floating ribs

A

11-12, do not attach to sternum

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4
Q

3 openings in diaphragm

A

aortic hiatus, esophageal hiatus, caval opening

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5
Q

aortic hiatus level

A

T12

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6
Q

aortic hiatus is formed by

A

right and left crura

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7
Q

what passes through aortic hiatus

A

aorta, thoracic duct, and often azygos vein

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8
Q

esophageal hiatus level

A

T10

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9
Q

what passes through esophageal hiatus

A

esophagus and vagus nerves

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10
Q

caval opening level

A

T8

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11
Q

what passes through the caval opening

A

inferior vena cava and sometimes right phrenic nerve

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12
Q

intercostal neurovascular bundle lies between

A

internal and innermost intercostal muscles

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13
Q

intercostal veins drain into the

A

azygos vein

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14
Q

azygos vein drains into the

A

inferior vena cava

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15
Q

costomediastinal recess is located

A

between lungs and heart

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16
Q

costodiaphragmatic recess is located

A

between lungs and diaphragm

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17
Q

pleural effusion settles in

A

costodiaphragmatic recess

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18
Q

what space allows for maximal lung expansion

A

costodiaphragmatic recess

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19
Q

hilum

A

point of entry or exit for the bronchus and vascular structures passing in and out of the lung

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20
Q

costal surface of parietal pleura innervation

A

intercostal nerves

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21
Q

mediastinal and diaphragmatic surfaces of parietal pleura innervation

A

phrenic nerves

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22
Q

visceral pleura innervated by

A

autonomic nervous system

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23
Q

which side of the lung is more susceptible to aspiration

A

right

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24
Q

what muscle contracts to constrict the airway

A

trachealis

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25
Q

contents of superior mediastinum

A

great vessels, trachea, esophagus, phrenic and vagus nerves

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26
Q

divisions of inferior mediastinum

A

anterior, middle, posterior

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27
Q

contents of anterior mediastinum

A

tissue, fat, remnants of thymus gland

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28
Q

contents of middle mediastinum

A

heart, roots of great vessels, phrenic nerves

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29
Q

contents of posterior mediastinum

A

descending aorta, azygos vein, thoracic duct, esophagus, vagus nerves

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30
Q

pericardial sinuses formed by

A

visceral pericardium reflecting back to become parietal pericardium at roots of great vessels

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31
Q

function of triscupid and mitral valves

A

prevent backflow of blood from ventricles to atria

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32
Q

semilunar valves

A

aortic, pulmonic

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33
Q

atrioventricular valves

A

mitral, tricuspid

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34
Q

cusps of pulmonary valve

A

anterior, left, right

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35
Q

cusps of aortic valve

A

posterior, left, right

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36
Q

sections of mitral valve

A

anterior, posterior

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37
Q

sections of tricuspid valve

A

anterior, septal, posterior

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38
Q

pulmonary trunk location

A

second intercostal space

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39
Q

apex of the heart location

A

5th intercostal space, midclavicular line

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40
Q

most of the anterior surface of the heart is comprised of the

A

right ventricle

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41
Q

right atrium is located at

A

3rd costal cartilage near midline

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42
Q

sternal angle location

A

where the manubrium meets the sternum

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43
Q

structure at sternal angle

A

aortic arch, where trachea divides into primary bronchi

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44
Q

aortic listening point

A

2nd intercostal space, right sternal border

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45
Q

what can be heard at aortic listening point

A

murmur of aortic stenosis

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46
Q

pulmonic listening point

A

2nd intercostal space, left sternal border

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47
Q

what can be heard at pulmonic listening point

A

pulmonic murmurs, patent ductus arteriosus

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48
Q

erb’s point

A

3rd intercostal space, left sternal border

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49
Q

what can be heard at erb’s point

A

aortic regurgitation, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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50
Q

tricuspid listening point

A

5th intercostal space, left sternal border

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51
Q

what can be heard at tricuspid listening point

A

tricuspid murmurs, ventricular septal defect

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52
Q

mitral listening point

A

5th intercostal space, midclavicular line

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53
Q

what can be heard at mitral listening point

A

mitral murmurs

54
Q

intercostal NVB runs between which muscles

A

internal and innermost intercostals

55
Q

intercostal veins drain into

A

azygos and internal thoracic veins

56
Q

intercostal arteries branch off of

A

thoracic aorta and internal thoracic arteries

57
Q

divisions of thoracic cavity

A

mediastinum and two pleural sacs

58
Q

plane of sternal angle

A

horizontal line running from junction of manubrium and body of sternum posteriorly to lower border of T4

59
Q

diaphragm arises from

A

margins of the thoracic outlet

60
Q

division between superior and inferior mediastinum

A

plane of the sternal angle

61
Q

lungs’ only point of attachment in thoracic cavity

A

hilum

62
Q

how much pleural fluid is in the pleural cavity

A

15 mL

63
Q

location of thoracentesis

A

at or posterior to midaxillary line, 1-2 intercostal space below level of effusion but not below 8th intercostal space

64
Q

the fibrous pericardium blends with

A

the adventitia of the roots of the great vessels and the central tendon of the diaphragm

65
Q

epicardium is aka

A

visceral pericardium

66
Q

transverse pericardial sinus location

A

posterior to ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk, anterior to superior vena cava

67
Q

which sinus allows a surgeon to make a ligature between arteries and veins, stopping bloodflow

A

Transverse sinus

68
Q

oblique sinus

A

behind the heart, surrounded by a reflection of serous pericardium around the right and left pulmonary veins

69
Q

location of beginning of coronary arteries

A

in the aorta, adjacent to left and right cusps

70
Q

what is the cardiac skeleton

A

4 interconnecting rings of dense fibrous connective tissue on a plane between atria and ventricles

71
Q

purpose of cardiac skeleton

A

maintain integrity of valve openings, attachment point for cusps, separates atrial from ventricular musculature by acting as an electrical insulator

72
Q

3 surfaces of the heart

A

sternoscotal (anterior), base (posterior), diaphragmatic (inferior)

73
Q

anterior surface of the heart is covered by

A

sternum and 3-6 costal cartilages

74
Q

enlarged left atrium can cause

A

dysphagia from compressing the esophagus or hoarseness from compression the left recurrent laryngeal nerve

75
Q

coronary veins and arteries are located within

A

sulci

76
Q

sulci locations

A

anterior and posterior (with interventricular septum) and coronary (between atria and ventricles)

77
Q

posterior descending artery travels with the

A

middle cardiac vein

78
Q

location of posterior descending artery

A

posterior interventricular sulcus

79
Q

upper limit of the heart

A

R: 3rd costal cartilage, L: 2nd intercostal space at sternum

80
Q

right margin of the heart

A

3rd costal cartilage to near 6th costal cartilage

81
Q

left margin of the heart

A

2nd intercostal space to 5th intercostal space (midclavicular)

82
Q

apex of heart located

A

5th intercostal space, midclavicular line

83
Q

lower margin of the heart

A

sternal right 6th costal cartilage to apex

84
Q

trabeculae carnae

A

muscular ridges of myocardium in both ventricles

85
Q

moderator band aka

A

septomarginal trabecula

86
Q

moderator band

A

band of trabeculae carnae that forms a bridge between interventricular septum and right papillary muscle

87
Q

moderator band function

A

provides pathway for purkinje fibers so that right AV valve closes slightly before left AV valve

88
Q

papillary muscles

A

attach to chordae tendinae to and tense just before ventricular contraction to keep valves from everting into atria

89
Q

pectinate muscles

A

ridges in muscular portion of atria (mostly right atrium)

90
Q

sinus venarum

A

smooth portion of atria

91
Q

crista terminalis

A

boundary between pectinate muscles and sinus venarum in atria

92
Q

auricles contain

A

pectinate muscles

93
Q

RA is supplied by

A

Posterior descending artery

94
Q

posterior septum is supplied by

A

posterior descending artery

95
Q

SA node is supplied by

A

SA nodal artery branching off RCA

96
Q

AV node is supplied by

A

AV nodal artery branching off RCA

97
Q

Right ventricle is supplied by

A

right marginal artery, PDA

98
Q

Posterior descending artery aka

A

posterior interventricular artery

99
Q

posterior descending artery supplies

A

RA, R/LV, posterior septum

100
Q

branches of RCA

A

PDA, right marginal, SA nodal, AV nodal

101
Q

right marginal artery supplies

A

RV

102
Q

branches of left coronary artery

A

LAD, left marginal, left circumflex

103
Q

LAD aka

A

anterior interventricular artery

104
Q

LAD supplies

A

anterior septum, anterior LV, RV

105
Q

left marginal supplies

A

LV

106
Q

branch of circumflex

A

left marginal

107
Q

circumflex artery supplies

A

posterior LV, LA

108
Q

Left atrium is supplied by

A

circumflex artery

109
Q

anterior left ventricle is supplied by

A

left anterior descending

110
Q

posterior left ventricle is supplied by

A

circumflex artery

111
Q

right dominance

A

posterior descending artery is a branch of RCA

112
Q

left dominance

A

posterior descending artery is a branch of LCA

113
Q

parasympathetic innervation of the heart

A

vagus nerve

114
Q

sensory innervation of heart

A

afferent nerves travel back to T1-T4 spinal cord with sympathetics

115
Q

sympathetic innervation of the heart

A

T1-T4 levels of sympathetic trunk

116
Q

phrenic nerve innervates

A

diaphragm, fibrous pericardium, mediastinal pleura

117
Q

C3-C5 dematomes

A

shoulder/neck

118
Q

where are heart sounds best auscultated

A

where turbulent bloodflow radiates, distal to the valve

119
Q

S1 produced by

A

closure of AV valves

120
Q

S2 produced by

A

closure of semilunar valves

121
Q

trachea begins at

A

inferior border of cricoid cartilage

122
Q

how long is the trachea

A

12 cm

123
Q

trachea is composed of

A

C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

124
Q

secondary bronchi aka

A

lobar bronchi

125
Q

tertiary bronchi aka

A

segmental bronchi

126
Q

bronchial arteries arise from

A

descending aorta

127
Q

blood pathway into lungs

A

each branch of tracheobronchial tree is accompanied by a branch of the pulmonary artery

128
Q

blood supply to lungs

A

bronchial arteries

129
Q

impressions in medial right lung

A

esophageal, azygos

130
Q

impressions in medial left lung

A

cardiac notch, aortic

131
Q

visceral afferents of tracheobronchial tree

A

“from the Vagus”

Clinical Morphology (18 decks)

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