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Clinical Morphology > Lower Extremity > Flashcards

Lower Extremity Flashcards

1
Q

course of the ACL

A

Lateral femoral condyle to anterior tibia

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2
Q

course of the PCL

A

Medial femoral condyle to posterior tibia

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3
Q

Valgus deformity

A

Distal bone in joint moves away from midline “knock kneed”

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4
Q

Varus deformity

A

Distal bone in joint moves toward midline “bow-legged”

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5
Q

course of MCL

A

Medial epicondyle of femur to medial condyle of tibia

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6
Q

course of LCL

A

Lateral epicondyle of femur to head of fibula

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7
Q

where do the menisci sit

A

Between the tibia and femoral condyles

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8
Q

most commonly injured knee ligament

A

ACL

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9
Q

tests for ACL injury

A

anterior drawer test, Lachman test

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10
Q

dashboard injury

A

PCL

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11
Q

test for PCL injury

A

posterior drawer test

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12
Q

valgus stress causes

A

MCL injury

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13
Q

varus stress causes

A

LCL injury

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14
Q

components of unhappy triad

A

ACL injury, MCL injury, medial meniscus tear

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15
Q

cause of unhappy triad

A

Force applied to knee with foot planted (force pushing toward midline)

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16
Q

test for meniscus tear

A

McMurray test

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17
Q

insertion of patellar tendon

A

tibial tuberosity

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18
Q

sign of a patellar fracture

A

cannot extend knee against gravity

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19
Q

major flexors of hip joint

A

iliopsoas, tensor fasciae latae, sartorius, pectinius

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20
Q

major extensors of hip joint

A

gluteus maximus, hamstrings

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21
Q

muscles of hamstrings

A

semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris

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22
Q

function of hamstrings

A

extend hip, flex knee, rotate hip

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23
Q

hip abductors

A

gluteus medius, gluteus minimus

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24
Q

hip adductors

A

adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, pectineus, gracilis

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25
Q

deep muscles of hip external rotation

A

piriformis, obturator internus, gemellus superior/inferior, obturator externus, quadratus femoris

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26
Q

contributing muscles of hip internal rotation

A

gluteus medius/minimus, tensor fasciae latae, adductor longus/brevis, pectineus

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27
Q

superior gluteal nerve innervates

A

gluteus minimus/medius, tensor fasciae latae

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28
Q

origin of superior gluteal nerve

A

sacral plexus, L4-S1

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29
Q

Trendelenburg’s sign

A

damage to superior gluteal nerve

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30
Q

Inferior gluteal nerve innervates

A

Gluteus maximus

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31
Q

damage to inferior gluteal nerve results in

A

weakness of hip extension

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32
Q

major blood supply to femoral neck

A

medial circumflex femoral artery

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33
Q

Obturator nerve innervates

A

thigh adductors/obturator externus, skin of medial thigh

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34
Q

course of obturator nerve

A

through posterior pelvis

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35
Q

origin of femoral nerve

A

nerve roots L2-L4

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36
Q

femoral nerve innervates

A

anterior compartment of thigh

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37
Q

branches of femoral nerve

A

anterior cutaneous, saphenous

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38
Q

anterior cutaneous nerve innervates

A

skin of anteromedial thigh

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39
Q

saphenous nerve innervates

A

skin on medial leg and foot

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40
Q

absent patellar reflex is a sign of

A

femoral nerve damage

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41
Q

origin of sciatic nerve

A

L4-S3

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42
Q

what is the largest nerve in the body

A

sciatic nerve

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43
Q

branches of sciatic nerve

A

common peroneal (aka common fibular), tibial

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44
Q

branches of common peroneal nerve

A

superficial and deep

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45
Q

common peroneal nerve innervates

A

short head of the biceps femoris

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46
Q

superficial fibular nerve innervates

A

muscles of lateral lower leg, fibularis longus/brevis, foot eversion muscles

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47
Q

deep fibular nerve innervates

A

tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, intrinsic muscles of foot

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48
Q

deep fibular nerve functions

A

dorsiflexion, toe extension

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49
Q

common peroneal nerve innervates (sensory)

A

lateral shin and dorsum of foot

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50
Q

course of common peroneal nerve

A

wraps around fibula

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51
Q

common symptom of peroneal nerve injury

A

foot drop

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52
Q

course of tibial nerve

A

down the leg, posterior to tibia, at foot travels through tarsal tunnel under medial malleolus

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53
Q

tibial nerve innervates

A

posterior leg muscles, sensory to heel/toe

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54
Q

actions of muscles supplied by tibial nerve

A

plantarflexion, toe flexion, inversion

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55
Q

sciatic nerve innervates

A

muscles of posterior thigh, and its branches innervate muscles of leg and foot

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56
Q

injury that can cause sciatic nerve damage

A

posterior hip dislocation

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57
Q

Most common radiculopathy occurs at

A

spinal root L5

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58
Q

What terminal branch is most affected by L5 radiculopathy?

A

Common peroneal nerve

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59
Q

What terminal branch is most affected by S1 radiculopathy?

A

Tibial

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60
Q

what terminal branch is most affected by L2/L3/L4 radiculopathy?

A

Femoral

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61
Q

test for lumbar radiculopathy

A

straight leg raise test

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62
Q

Innvervation of gluteus maximus

A

inferior gluteal nerve

63
Q

Blood supply of gluteus maximus

A

inferior gluteal artery

64
Q

Action of gluteus maximus

A

thigh extension/external rotation

65
Q

innvervation of gluteus medius

A

superior gluteal nerve

66
Q

blood supply of gluteus medius

A

superior gluteal artery

67
Q

action of gluteus medius

A

hip abduction, thigh internal rotation

68
Q

innervation of gluteus minimus

A

superior gluteal nerve

69
Q

blood supply of gluteus minimus

A

superior gluteal artery

70
Q

action of gluteus minimus

A

hip abduction, thigh internal rotation

71
Q

innvervation of tensor fasciae latae

A

superior gluteal nerve

72
Q

action of tensor fasciae latae at the hip

A

internal rotation and weak abduction

73
Q

action of tensor fasciae latae at the knee

A

external rotation, weak flexion/extension

74
Q

3 major ligaments of the hip

A

iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral

75
Q

hip ligament that prevents excessive abduction

A

pubofemoral

76
Q

ankle joint is most stable in dorsiflexion or plantarflexion

A

dorsiflexion

77
Q

medial ankle ligament

A

deltoid

78
Q

lateral ankle ligaments

A

anterior talofibular, posterior talofibular, calcaneofibular

79
Q

classic mechanism of ankle sprain

A

inversion on a plantarflexed foot

80
Q

ankle ligament most at risk of sprain

A

anterior talofibular

81
Q

subtalar joint location

A

between inferior surface of talus and superior surface of calcaneus

82
Q

subtalar joint function

A

inversion/eversion

83
Q

2 functional groups of muscles in the gluteal region

A

superficial abductors/extensors, deep external rotators

84
Q

muscles of the deep external rotators group from superior to inferior

A

piriformis, gemellus superior, obturator internus, gemellus inferior, obterator externus, quadratus femoris

85
Q

innveration of mucles of deep external rotators group

A

nerves named after the muscles they innervate except for the gemellus superior (obturator internus) and gemellus inferior (quadratus femoris)

86
Q

what structures run above and below piriformis?

A

superior and inferior neurovascular bundles

87
Q

anterior thigh muscles function

A

extend the leg at the knee

88
Q

innervation of anterior thigh muscles

A

femoral nerve

89
Q

blood supply of anterior thigh muscles

A

branches of femoral and deep femoral arteries

90
Q

medial thigh muscles function

A

adduct the thigh at the hip

91
Q

medial thigh muscles innervation

A

obturator nerve

92
Q

medial thigh muscles blood supply

A

branches of deep femoral and obturator arteries

93
Q

posterior thigh muscles function

A

flex leg at knee, extend thigh at hip

94
Q

posterior thigh muscles innervation

A

sciatic nerve

95
Q

posterior thigh muscles blood supply

A

perforating branches of deep femoral artery

96
Q

muscles of anterior compartment of thigh

A

iliopsoas, sartorius, quadriceps

97
Q

muscles of quadriceps

A

rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius

98
Q

muscles of medial compartment of thigh

A

Pectineus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, gracilis, obturator externus

99
Q

muscles of posterior compartment of thigh

A

hamstrings

100
Q

exception of innervation in posterior compartment

A

short head of biceps femoris is innervated by common fibular nerve, the rest are tibial

101
Q

functions of leg anterior compartment

A

dorsiflexion, inversion, toe extension

102
Q

innervation of anterior leg compartment

A

deep fibular nerve

103
Q

blood supply of anterior leg compartment

A

branches of anterior tibial artery

104
Q

lateral leg compartment functions

A

plantarflexion, eversion

105
Q

lateral leg compartment innervation

A

superficial fibular nerve

106
Q

lateral leg compartment blood supply

A

branches of the fibular artery

107
Q

posterior leg compartment functions

A

plantarflexion, inversion, toe flexion

108
Q

posterior leg compartment innervation

A

tibial nerve

109
Q

posterior leg compartment blood supply

A

posterior tibial artery

110
Q

muscles of anterior leg compartment

A

tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus

111
Q

muscles of lateral leg compartment

A

fibularis longus/brevis

112
Q

muscles of the posterior leg compartment

A

Gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, popliteus, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior

113
Q

“true” ankle joint

A

talocrural

114
Q

deltoid ligament has how many parts

A

4

115
Q

origin of inferior gluteal nerve

A

Sacral plexus (L5-S2)

116
Q

lumbar plexus arises from

A

anterior rami of L1-L4

117
Q

sacral plexus arises from

A

anterior rami of S1-S4

118
Q

lateral cutaneous nerve arises from

A

lumbar plexus (L2, L3)

119
Q

femoral nerve arises from

A

lumbar plexus (L2-L4)

120
Q

obturator nerve arises from

A

lumbar plexus (L2-L4)

121
Q

superior gluteal nerve arises from

A

sacral plexus (L4-S1)

122
Q

sciatic nerve arises from

A

sacral plexus (L4-S3)

123
Q

posterior femoral cutaneous nerve arises from

A

sacral plexus (S1-S3)

124
Q

damage to femoral nerve deficits (motor)

A

extension of knee, flexion of hip

125
Q

damage to femoral nerve deficits (sensory)

A

anterior thigh and medial knee, leg and foot

126
Q

damage to obturator nerve deficits (motor)

A

adduction and external rotation of thigh

127
Q

damage to obturator nerve deficits (sensory)

A

defined area of medial thigh

128
Q

damage to superior gluteal nerve deficits (motor)

A

abduction of thigh/lateral flexion of trunk on fixed limb, trendelenburg gait

129
Q

damage to superior gluteal nerve deficits (sensory)

A

none

130
Q

damage to tibial nerve deficits (motor)

A

plantarflexion, flexion of toes, inversion

131
Q

damage to tibial nerve deficits (sensory)

A

posterolateral leg to lateral malleolus, sole and lateral side of foot

132
Q

damage to superficial fibular nerve (motor)

A

eversion, plantarflexion

133
Q

damage to superficial fibular nerve (sensory)

A

lateral shin and dorsum of foot

134
Q

damage to deep fibular nerve (motor)

A

inversion, dorsiflexion, extension of toes

135
Q

damage to deep fibular nerve (sensory)

A

skin between first and second toes

136
Q

femoral artery arises from

A

external iliac artery

137
Q

border differentiating external iliac artery from femoral artery

A

inguinal ligament (enters femoral triangle)

138
Q

branches of deep femoral artery

A

perforating branches, lateral circumflex femoral, medial circumflex femoral

139
Q

deep femoral artery arises in

A

the femoral triangle

140
Q

perforating branches of the deep femoral artery supply the

A

medial and posterior muscles of thigh

141
Q

lateral circumflex femoral artery supplies

A

some lateral thigh muscles

142
Q

course of femoral artery down thigh

A

anterior thigh through adductor canal, then passes through adductor hiatus to go into the posterior comaprtment and become the popliteal artery

143
Q

branches of the popliteal artery that supply the knee joint

A

genicular

144
Q

how does popliteal artery terminate

A

gives rise to posterior and anterior tibial branches

145
Q

course of posterior tibial artery

A

gives off fibular branch then continues into sole of foot behind medial malleolus

146
Q

course of anterior tibial artery

A

passes anteriorly between tibia and fibula through a gap in the interosseous membrane, then goes into foot where it becomes the dorsalis pedis

147
Q

gluteal arteries arise from

A

internal iliac artery

148
Q

gluteal arteries enter gluteal region through

A

greater sciatic foramen

149
Q

collateral circulation at hip joint

A

medial and lateral circumflex femoral, branch of obturator

150
Q

collateral circulation at knee joint

A

descending genicular, a branch of deep femoral, descending lateral femoral circumflex, anterior tibial recurrent, anterior tibial

151
Q

vascular supply of ankle joint

A

malleolar and tarsal arteries

152
Q

causes of compartment syndrome

A

trauma, overexercise, revascularization, burns

153
Q

classic symptom of compartment syndrome

A

pain out of proportion with injury that is aggravated by passive stretch

154
Q

early sign of compartment syndrome

A

sensory loss in distribution of the affected nerves

Clinical Morphology (18 decks)

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