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SONOCAN OB Review > Third Trimester Notes > Flashcards

Third Trimester Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What is asymmetrical intrauterine growth restriction?

A

It is the most common type of growth abnormality demonstrating normal cranial growth and a decrease in abdominal growth.

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2
Q

What is a biophysical profile?

A

An objective means for assessing fetal well-being.

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3
Q

What defines hypertension in pregnancy?

A

Systolic pressure ≥140 mm Hg or diastolic pressure ≥90 mm Hg.

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4
Q

What is oligohydramnios?

A

Amniotic fluid below the normal range for gestational age, with a total volume <200 mL.

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5
Q

What is polyhydramnios?

A

Amniotic fluid above the normal range for gestational age, with a total volume >2000 mL.

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6
Q

What is postterm pregnancy?

A

Gestation greater than 42 weeks.

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7
Q

What is macrosomia?

A

A condition where accelerated fetal growth results in an infant with a birth weight greater than 4000 g in nondiabetic mothers or greater than 4500 g in diabetic mothers; associated with birth asphyxia and trauma.

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8
Q

What is symmetrical intrauterine growth restriction?

A

A fetal growth abnormality resulting in a proportionally small fetus.

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9
Q

What is vernix caseosa?

A

Fatty material found on the fetal skin and in amniotic fluid late in pregnancy.

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10
Q

What measurements are taken in the third trimester? 7

A
  1. Biparietal diameter (BPD)
  2. Head circumference (HC)
  3. Abdominal circumference (AC),
  4. Femur length (FL)
  5. Amniotic fluid volume
  6. Head circumference-to-abdominal circumference ratio (HC/AC)
  7. Etimated fetal weight.
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11
Q

What is the significance of the head circumference-to-abdominal circumference ratio (HC/AC)?

A

During the early third trimester, the head circumference is slightly larger than the abdominal circumference; by late third trimester, it is typically equal to or slightly larger.

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12
Q

What is the preparation for transabdominal imaging?

A

Requires bladder distention; adults should drink 28 to 32 oz of water 1 hour before examination.

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13
Q

What are the contraindications for endovaginal imaging?

A

Any patient who does not or cannot willingly consent to the examination; if the pain becomes too severe, terminate examination.

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14
Q

What is the recommended transducer selection for adults?

A

Use 3.5 to 5.0 MHz for transabdominal, 4.0 to 8.0 MHz for endovaginal, and 3.5 to 5.0 MHz for translabial imaging.

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15
Q

What is the patient positioning for transabdominal imaging?

A

Supine position.

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16
Q

What is the examination protocol for ultrasound? 6

A
  1. Begin with a quick survey of the entire gravid uterus
  2. Assess fetal age and growth using biometric measurements
  3. Evaluate fetal presentation and viability
  4. Amniotic fluid volume
  5. Placenta location and grade
  6. Length of internal cervical os.
17
Q

What are the indications for third trimester ultrasound? 7

A
  1. Fetal growth
  2. Amniotic fluid volume
  3. Fetal well-being
  4. Fetal presentation
  5. Late prenatal care
  6. Placenta location
  7. Follow-up on previous ultrasound findings.
18
Q

What does intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) result from? What is it defined as?

A
  1. Insufficient oxygen and nutrition delivery to the fetus from the placenta
  2. Defined as a fetal weight at or below the 10th percentile for gestational age.
19
Q

What are the clinical findings of asymmetric intrauterine growth restriction? 3

A
  1. Decrease in abdominal circumference, normal head circumference and femur length
  2. Decrease in amniotic fluid volume
  3. Increase in HC/AC ratio.
20
Q

What is the definition of macrosomia?

A

Fetal weight above 4000 g in nondiabetic mothers or >4500 g in diabetic mothers or above the 90th percentile for gestational age.

21
Q

What are the functions of amniotic fluid? 5

A
  1. Maintains intrauterine temperature
  2. Allows fetal movement
  3. Protects the developing fetus
  4. Prevents adherence of the amnion to the fetus
  5. Promotes lung growth and development.
22
Q

When does the volume of amniotic fluid stop increasing?

A

Increases progressively until about 33 gestational weeks.

23
Q

What is the method for assessing amniotic fluid volume using the Amniotic Fluid Index (AFI)?

A

Dividing the uterus into four equal parts and measuring the deepest unobstructed pocket in each quadrant.

24
Q

What are the abnormal findings for oligohydramnios?

A

AFI below 5 cm, below the 5th percentile for gestational age, and largest single pocket below 1 cm.

25
Q

What does the biophysical profile assess? 5

A

Fetal well-being through five parameters:
1. Fetal tone
2. Fetal movement
3. Fetal breathing movement
4. Amniotic fluid volume
5. Nonstress test.

26
Q

What is fetal presentation?

A

The relationship of the fetal head with the long axis of the uterus.

27
Q

What are the types of breech presentation?

A

Frank breech, complete breech, and footling breech.

SONOCAN OB Review (22 decks)

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