Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SONOCAN OB Review > First Trimester Notes > Flashcards

First Trimester Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What is abortion in the context of pregnancy?

A

Abortion refers to first-trimester pregnancy loss, also known as miscarriage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the amnion?

A

The amnion is an extraembryonic membrane that lines the chorion and contains the fetus and amniotic fluid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

Angiogenesis is the formation of blood vessels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does a blastocyst consist of?

A

A blastocyst consists of an outer trophoblast and an inner cell mass.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is bradycardia in fetal heart rate?

A

Bradycardia refers to a fetal heart rate of 110 beats per minute or less.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the chorion? What is it formed by?

A

The chorion is the outermost of the fetal membranes, formed by the embryonic mesoderm and a double layer of trophoblasts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the decidua?

A

The decidua is the name applied to the endometrium during pregnancy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the decidua basalis?

A

The decidua basalis is the portion of the endometrium on which the implanted conceptus rests.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the decidua capsularis?

A

The decidua capsularis is the decidua that covers the surface of the implanted conceptus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the decidua parietalis?

A

The decidua parietalis is the decidua exclusive of the area occupied by the implanted conceptus, also known as decidua vera.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the discriminatory zone?

A

The discriminatory zone is the threshold amount of hCG present at which there should be sonographic evidence of a gestational sac.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the double decidua sign?

A

The double decidua sign is composed of the decidua capsularis and decidua parietalis, indicating an intrauterine pregnancy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is elective abortion?

A

Elective abortion is the intentional termination of a pregnancy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is an embryo?

A

An embryo is the term used for a developing zygote through the tenth week of gestation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is embryological age?

A

Embryological age is the length of time based from conception.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the embryonic phase?

A

The embryonic phase refers to gestational weeks 6 through 10.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the empty amnion sign?

A

The empty amnion sign is the visualization of the amniotic cavity without the presence of an embryo.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is gestational age?

A

Gestational age is the length of time calculated from the first day of the last menstrual period.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a gestational sac?

A

A gestational sac is a fluid-filled structure normally found in the uterus, containing the pregnancy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does gravidity refer to?

A

Gravidity refers to the number of times a woman has been pregnant, including the current pregnancy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

Hematopoiesis is the formation of blood cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is an intrauterine pregnancy (IUP)?

A

An intrauterine pregnancy (IUP) is a pregnancy located within the uterus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a morula?

A

A morula is a solid mass of cells formed by cleavage of a fertilized ovum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is nuchal translucency?

A

Nuchal translucency is the sonographic appearance of subcutaneous accumulation of fluid behind the fetal neck in the first trimester of pregnancy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does parity refer to?

A

Parity refers to the number of live births.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is a pseudogestational sac?

A

A pseudogestational sac is a centrally located endometrial fluid collection demonstrated with a coexisting ectopic pregnancy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is recurrent spontaneous abortion?

A

Recurrent spontaneous abortion refers to two consecutive or three total spontaneous abortions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is spontaneous abortion?

A

Spontaneous abortion is pregnancy loss caused by natural or unanticipated events.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is tachycardia in fetal heart rate?

A

Tachycardia refers to a fetal heart rate exceeding 180 beats per minute.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is threatened abortion?

A

Threatened abortion is characterized by bleeding in the first trimester.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the yolk sac (YS)?

A

The yolk sac provides nutrients to the embryo and is the initial site of alpha-fetoprotein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What occurs during fertilization to implantation?

A

Fertilization to implantation takes approximately 5 to 7 days, involving the formation of a zygote and subsequent development into a blastocyst.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the significance of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)?

A

hCG is secreted by trophoblastic tissue and is crucial for maintaining pregnancy.

34
Q

What is the mean sac diameter (MSD)?

A

The mean sac diameter (MSD) establishes gestational age before visualization of an embryonic disc.

35
Q

What is crown-rump length (CRL)?

A

Crown-rump length (CRL) is the most accurate method of dating a pregnancy, measured until the twelfth gestational week.

36
Q

What is nuchal translucency screening? What should normal thickness be around this stage?

A

Nuchal translucency screening is a first-trimester screening for chromosomal abnormalities, with normal thickness considered less than 3 mm.

37
Q

What is the purpose of bladder distention in transabdominal imaging?

A

Bladder distention displaces the uterus posteriorly and bowel laterally, providing an acoustic window to visualize pelvic structures.

38
Q

What are the contraindications for endovaginal imaging?

A

Contraindications include any patient who does not or cannot willingly consent to the examination and if the pain becomes too severe.

39
Q

What is the examination protocol for first-trimester ultrasound?

A

The protocol includes confirming intrauterine pregnancy, viability, defining vaginal bleeding, ruling out ectopic pregnancy, and estimating gestational age.

40
Q

What are normal sonographic findings for a gestational sac?

A

A normal gestational sac appears as a round anechoic structure surrounded by a thick hyperechoic rim, located in the mid- to upper portion of the uterus.

41
Q

What is the significance of the yolk sac in early pregnancy?

A

The yolk sac is the earliest structure visualized in the gestational sac and is crucial for nutrient transfer and hematopoiesis.

42
Q

What does the presence of cardiac activity indicate?

A

The presence of cardiac activity indicates that the embryo is developing and is a critical sign of viability.

43
Q

What surrounds the newly formed amniotic cavity?

A

The amnion initially surrounds the newly formed amniotic cavity.

44
Q

How does the amnion attach to the embryo?

A

The amnion attaches to the embryo at the umbilical cord insertion.

45
Q

What happens to the amnion as the embryo grows?

A

The amnion expands with the accumulation of amniotic fluid and growth of the embryo.

46
Q

When does the amnion obliterate the chorionic cavity?

A

The amnion obliterates the chorionic cavity by the sixteenth week.

47
Q

What is visualized between the embryo and the yolk sac?

A

A thin hyperechoic line is visualized between the embryo and the yolk sac (chorion).

48
Q

What indicates visualization of the amnion without an embryo?

A

Visualization of the amnion without an embryo indicates a thick hyperechoic amnion.

49
Q

What is the normal size of the amniotic cavity compared to the embryo?

A

The amniotic cavity is large compared with the size of the embryo.

50
Q

When should cardiac activity be identified in the embryo?

A

Cardiac activity should be identified by 6 weeks and as early as 5.5 weeks.

51
Q

What are the normal heart rates before and after 6 weeks?

A

Before 6 weeks, the heart rate is 100-115 beats per minute; after 6 weeks, it is 120-160 beats per minute.

52
Q

When should cardiac activity be evident transabdominally?

A

Cardiac activity should be evident with a mean sac diameter (MSD) of 25 mm transabdominally.

53
Q

When should cardiac activity be evident transvaginally?

A

Cardiac activity should be evident with an MSD of 16 mm or a crown–rump length (CRL) exceeding 7 mm transvaginally.

54
Q

What heart rates are associated with poor outcomes?

A

Heart rates below 80 beats per minute are associated with poor outcomes.

55
Q

What indicates failure to identify cardiac activity in an embryo?

A

No cardiac activity in an embryo ≥9 mm indicates failure to identify cardiac activity in a gestational sac (GS) ≥25 mm.

56
Q

What is the significance of no cardiac activity in an embryo >7 mm?

A

No cardiac activity in an embryo >7 mm indicates failure to identify cardiac activity in a GS >16 mm.

57
Q

How can normal pregnancy progression be determined?

A

Normal pregnancy progression may be determined with an additional examination scheduled 7 to 14 days after the initial ultrasound.

58
Q

What are the sonographic findings during the fourth gestational week?

A

Thickening of the endometrium with a mean sac diameter (MSD) of 2-3 mm.

59
Q

What are the sonographic findings during the fifth gestational week?

A

MSD = 10 mm; yolk sac seen with vaginal imaging; may visualize embryonic disc and cardiac activity.

60
Q

What are the sonographic findings during the sixth gestational week?

A

MSD = 15-20 mm; gestational sac and yolk sac visualized; C-shaped embryo measuring approximately 5 mm; cardiac activity should be present.

61
Q

What are the sonographic findings during the seventh gestational week?

A

MSD = 30 mm; crown–rump length (CRL) = 1.0 cm; cardiac activity should be present; head constitutes one half of the embryo; limb buds appear.

62
Q

What are the sonographic findings during the eighth gestational week?

A

CRL = 1.5 cm; embryo unfolds; head becomes dominant; midgut has herniated into the base of the umbilical cord; placenta location may be identified; spine may be visualized.

63
Q

What are the sonographic findings during the ninth gestational week?

A

CRL = 2.3 cm; cranium begins to calcify; can differentiate the cerebral hemispheres; dominated by lateral ventricles filled with choroid plexus; visualization of limb buds; early ossifications may be seen.

64
Q

What are the sonographic findings during the tenth gestational week?

A

CRL approaches 3.0 cm; muscular movement has begun; hyperechoic choroid plexuses; cystic rhombencephalon demonstrated in the posterior fossa (8-11 weeks).

65
Q

What are the sonographic findings during the twelfth gestational week?

A

CRL reaches 5.5 cm; yolk sac no longer visualized; midgut has returned to the abdominal cavity; amnion is now abutting the chorion; fetus demonstrates a skeletal body; fluid is displayed in the fetal stomach; kidneys begin urine production.

66
Q

What is an anembryonic pregnancy? What is it also known as?

A
  1. Occurs when the zygote develops into a blastocyst, but the inner cell mass fails to develop.
  2. An anembryonic pregnancy, also known as a blighted ovum
67
Q

What are the clinical findings of an anembryonic pregnancy? 4 (s/s)

A
  1. Asymptomatic
  2. Serial beta hCG levels may remain normal initially and then may plateau or decline
  3. Small for dates
  4. No fetal heart tones.
68
Q

What are the sonographic findings of an anembryonic pregnancy?

A

Empty gestational sac >25 mm (transabdominal) or >16 mm (transvaginal); absent yolk sac, amnion, and embryo.

69
Q

What is a missed abortion?

A

A missed abortion is when there is no evidence of intrauterine pregnancy despite the presence of a gestational sac.

70
Q

What are the clinical findings of a missed abortion? 2

A
  1. Bleeding and cramping
  2. Rapid decline in serial beta hCG levels.
71
Q

What are the sonographic findings of a missed abortion?

A

Normal uterus and endometrium; no adnexal masses.

72
Q

What are the risk factors for ectopic pregnancy? 7

A
  1. Pelvic infection
  2. Intrauterine device
  3. Oviduct scarring
  4. Infertility treatment
  5. Endometriosis
  6. Previous ectopic pregnancy
  7. Congenital anomalies of the uterus or fallopian tubes.
73
Q

What is the classic triad of ectopic pregnancy?

A
  1. Pelvic pain
  2. Abnormal vaginal bleeding
  3. Palpable adnexal mass.
74
Q

What are the sonographic findings of ectopic pregnancy? 4

A
  1. Centrally located endometrial fluid collection
  2. Complex adnexal mass
  3. Increase in vascular flow surrounding adnexal mass may be demonstrated (‘ring of fire’)
  4. Cul-de-sac fluid.
75
Q

What is a cornual ectopic pregnancy?

A

A cornual ectopic pregnancy is characterized by a laterally placed gestational sac where the myometrium incompletely surrounds the gestational sac.

76
Q

What are the s/s for embryonic or fetal demise? 5

A
  1. Evidence of a nonliving embryo or fetus
  2. Small for dates
  3. No fetal heart tones
  4. Spotting
  5. Presence of an embryo or fetus but no cardiac activity or fetal movement.
77
Q

What is gestational trophoblastic neoplasia?

A

Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia is characterized by abnormal proliferation of the trophoblast.

78
Q

What are the clinical findings of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia? 6 (s/s)

A
  1. Bleeding
  2. Hyperemesis
  3. Dramatically elevated beta hCG levels
  4. Large for dates
  5. No fetal heart tones
  6. Low maternal AFP.
79
Q

What are the sonographic findings of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia? 4

A
  1. Moderately echogenic soft tissue uterine mass
  2. Small cystic structures within the mass
  3. Demonstrates vascular flow
  4. Bilateral theca lutein cysts may or may not demonstrate an adjacent fetus.
80
Q

What is an incomplete abortion?

A

An incomplete abortion is characterized by the presence of retained products of conception.

81
Q

What are the clinical findings of incomplete abortion? 4 (s/s)

A
  1. Asymptomatic
  2. Bleeding
  3. Cramping
  4. Abnormal rise in serial beta hCG levels.

SONOCAN OB Review (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions