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SONOCAN OB Review > Pohysiology Of The Female Pelvis Notes > Flashcards

Pohysiology Of The Female Pelvis Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What is amenorrhea?

A

Absence of menstruation.

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2
Q

What is the corpus albicans?

A

Scar from previous corpus luteum.

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3
Q

What is the corpus luteum? What does it produce?

A

A fluid structure formed from the graafian follicle after ovulation; produces progesterone.

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4
Q

What is the cumulus oophorus?

A

Protrusion within the graafian follicle containing the oocyte.

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5
Q

What is dysmenorrhea?

A

Painful menses.

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6
Q

What is dyspareunia? What is it associate with?

A

Abnormal pain during sexual intercourse due to a spasm.

Associated with endometriosis and hormonal changes in post menopause and lactating women.

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7
Q

What is estrogen?

A

Hormone secreted by the follicle, promoting growth of the endometrium.

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8
Q

What is a follicle?

A

Functional or physiological ovulatory cyst consisting of an ovum surrounded by a layer of cells.

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9
Q

What is follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?

A

Hormone that stimulates growth and maturation of the graafian follicle(s).

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10
Q

What is a graafian follicle?

A

Mature follicle containing a cumulus mass with a single oocyte.

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11
Q

What is luteinizing hormone (LH)?

A

Hormone that stimulates ovulation.

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12
Q

What is menopause?

A

The last menstrual cycle.

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13
Q

What is menorrhagia?

A

Abnormally heavy or long menses.

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14
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

Monthly cyclic changes in the female reproductive system typically 28 days in length.

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15
Q

What is mittelschmerz?

A

Term used to describe pelvic pain preceding ovulation.

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16
Q

What is oligomenorrhea?

A

Time between monthly menstrual cycles that exceeds 35 days.

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17
Q

What is ovulation?

A

Explosive release of an ovum from a ruptured graafian follicle.

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18
Q

What is perimenopausal?

A

Transition period occurring several years before menopause.

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19
Q

What is polymenorrhea?

A

Time between monthly menstrual cycles that is fewer than 21 days.

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20
Q

What is precocious puberty?

A

An unusually early onset of puberty.

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21
Q

What is progesterone?

A

Hormone that helps to prepare and maintain the endometrium.

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22
Q

What is the normal onset age of menstruation?

A

Generally occurs between 11 and 13 years of age.

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23
Q

What is the typical age of cessation of menstruation?

A

Usually occurs around 50 years of age.

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24
Q

What is the average length of a menstrual cycle?

A

Ranges between 21 and 35 days (average 28 days).

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25
What is required for menstruation?
Depends on the functional integrity of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovarian axis.
26
What are normal estradiol levels during the follicular phase?
30 to 100 pg/mL.
27
What are normal estradiol levels during the ovulatory phase?
200 to 400 pg/mL.
28
What are normal estradiol levels during the luteal phase?
50 to 140 pg/mL.
29
What does estradiol primarily reflect?
The activity of the ovaries.
30
What are normal estrogen levels?
5 to 100 μg/24 h (urine).
31
What are the primary female sex hormones? 2
1. Progesterone 2. Estrogen
32
What stimulates the production of estrogen in the ovaries?
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).
33
What is the function of estrogen?
Promotes formation of female secondary sex characteristics, accelerates growth in height and metabolism, reduces muscle mass, stimulates endometrial growth and proliferation, and increases uterine growth.
34
What are normal FSH levels premenopause?
4 to 25 mU/mL.
35
What are normal FSH levels postmenopause?
4 to 30 mU/mL.
36
What does FSH do?
Initiates follicular growth and stimulates the maturation of the graafian follicle(s).
37
What are normal LH levels during the follicular phase?
2 to 10 μ/L.
38
What are normal LH levels during the midcycle peak?
15 to 65 μ/L.
39
What are normal LH levels during the luteal phase?
10 to 12 μ/L.
40
What are normal LH levels postmenopause?
1.3 to 2.1 mg/dL.
41
What triggers ovulation?
A surge in LH levels.
42
What is the lifespan of the corpus luteum?
Constant 14-day lifespan.
43
What does the corpus luteum do if the ovum is fertilized?
The corpus luteum will continue to secrete progesterone.
44
What happens if fertilization does not occur?
The corpus luteum regresses after approximately 9 days.
45
What is the endometrium?
The inner lining of the uterus.
46
What should the endometrial thickness not exceed?
14 mm.
47
What is premenarche?
Time before the onset of menses.
48
What is menarche?
Onset of menstruation.
49
What occurs during the menstrual phase of the endometrium?
Menstruation occurs from days 1–5.
50
What is the sonographic appearance of the early menstrual phase?
Hypoechoic central line during menstruation measuring 2-4 mm.
51
What occurs during the proliferation phase of the endometrium?
Increasing estrogen levels regenerate the functional layer.
52
What is the sonographic appearance of the late proliferation phase?
A triple-line appearance measuring around 6–10 mm.
53
What occurs during the secretory phase of the endometrium?
Functional layer continues to thicken.
54
What is the sonographic appearance of the secretory phase?
Functional layer appears hyperechoic, basal layer appears hypoechoic.
55
What is the typical number of primary follicles in each ovary at birth?
Approximately 200,000.
56
What does FSH stimulate?
Follicular development.
57
How many follicles typically begin to develop each cycle?
5 to 11 follicles.
58
What indicates follicular maturity?
Visualization of a cumulus oophorus.
59
What is the sonographic appearance of the early follicular phase?
Multiple small anechoic functional cysts.
60
What occurs during the ovulatory phase?
Occurs at the rupture of the graafian follicle.
61
What is the sonographic appearance during the ovulatory phase?
Irregular-shaped cystic structure.
62
What is the sonographic appearance of the early luteal phase in the Cul de sac?
Amount of cul-de-sac fluid reaches peak volume.
63
What is a corpus luteal cyst?
Formed by the ruptured graafian follicle.
64
What is the sonographic appearance of a corpus luteal cyst?
Small, irregular cystic ovarian mass with hyperechoic, thin to thick walls.
65
What is a functional cyst?
Benign cyst that responds to hormonal stimulation.
66
What is the appearance of a simple cyst?
Anechoic mass with smooth wall margins.
67
What happens to the ovaries after menopause?
They atrophy and may be difficult to visualize.
68
What is the effect of hormone replacement therapy on the endometrium?
Thickness varies but should measure <5 mm if on continuous HRT.
69
What do oral contraceptives do?
Inhibit ovulation and LH surge.
70
What is the appearance of the endometrium on oral contraceptives?
Appears as a thin echogenic line.
71
What is depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate?
Inhibits ovulation and thickens cervical mucus.
72
What is the appearance of the endometrium on depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate?
Appears as a thin echogenic line.
73
What are fallopian tube microinserts?
Spring-like coils inserted into the fallopian tubes.
74
What is the appearance of fallopian tube microinserts?
Bilateral echogenic linear structures located lateral to the uterine cornua.
75
What do levonorgestrel implants do?
Inhibit ovulation and thicken cervical mucus.
76
What is the injection frequency for certain contraceptives?
Every 3 months
77
What should not occur during the ovulatory phase with certain contraceptives?
Ovulatory phase should not occur
78
How does the endometrium appear with certain contraceptives?
Appears as a thin echogenic line
79
What are Fallopian tube microinserts also known as?
Essure®
80
What are the characteristics of Fallopian tube microinserts?
Spring-like coils inserted into the interstitial and isthmus portion of the fallopian tubes
81
How long does it take for tissue to grow into the coils of Fallopian tube microinserts?
About 3 months
82
What do Fallopian tube microinserts block?
Sperm from reaching the ovum
83
Where are bilateral echogenic linear structures located in relation to the uterus?
Lateral to the uterine cornua
84
What do levonorgestrel implants inhibit?
Inhibits ovulation and thickens cervical mucus
85
Where is the thin capsule of levonorgestrel implants placed?
Under the skin typically in the medial upper arm
86
How long do levonorgestrel implants last?
5 years
87
How do levonorgestrel implants appear on an ultrasound?
Appears as a hyperechoic linear structure
88
What is the purpose of an intrauterine device (IUD)?
Foreign body placed in the endometrial cavity to prevent pregnancy
89
What are the two types of IUDs mentioned?
Paraguard—copper T-shape, Mirena—plastic T-shape that releases levonorgestrel
90
What are the risk factors associated with IUDs? 3
1. Infection 2. Perforation 3. Attachment to the basal layer
91
How do IUDs appear on an ultrasound?
Series of hyperechoic linear T-shaped echoes located in the center of the endometrium
92
What is the appearance of the Copper IUD on ultrasound?
Hyperechoic entrance and exit reflections with marked posterior acoustic shadowing
93
How does the Plastic IUD differ in appearance from the Copper IUD?
Not as reflective and with less posterior shadowing compared with metal IUD
94
What continues with a nonhormonal IUD like Paraguard?
Ovulation and formation of a corpus luteum continue
95
What is the vaginal ring also known as?
Nuva® ring
96
What is the function of the vaginal ring?
Releases hormones to prevent pregnancy
97
How long may the vaginal ring be left in?
21 days
98
How does the vaginal ring appear on an ultrasound?
Hyperechoic ring in the superior portion of the vaginal canal near the external cervical os
99
Where may the vaginal ring appear in relation to the external cervical os?
Near the external cervical os

SONOCAN OB Review (22 decks)

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