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SONOCAN OB Review > Ovarian Pathology Notes > Flashcards

Ovarian Pathology Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What is adenomyoma?

A

A tumor of the uterus characterized by a mass of smooth muscle containing endometrial tissue and glands.

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2
Q

What is adenomyosis? It’s found in how many cases of hysterectomies?

A

A benign invasive growth of endometrium into the myometrium.

Found in approximately 70% of hysterectomies.

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3
Q

What is an arteriovenous fistula?

A

A vascular complex of arteries and veins without an intervening capillary system.

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4
Q

What is Asherman syndrome?

A

Intrauterine adhesions ablating the endometrial lining.

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5
Q

What is a Gartner duct cyst?

A

A small cyst within the vagina.

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6
Q

What is hematocolpos?

A

Blood accumulation in the vagina.

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7
Q

What is hematometra?

A

Blood accumulation in the uterus.

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8
Q

What is hematometrocolpos?

A

Blood accumulation in the uterus and vagina.

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9
Q

What is hyperplasia? (Endometrial)

A

Proliferation of the endometrial lining.

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10
Q

What is an intramural leiomyoma?

A

A mass distorting the myometrium; most common location.

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11
Q

What is a leiomyoma?

A

The most common benign gynecological tumor of the myometrium.

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12
Q

What is Meigs syndrome?

A

A combination of pleural effusion, ascites, and an ovarian mass that resolves after surgery.

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13
Q

What is a submucosal leiomyoma?

A

A mass distorting the endometrium; least common but most likely to cause symptoms.

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14
Q

What is a subserosal leiomyoma?

A

A mass found on the serosal surface of the uterus.

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15
Q

What is tamoxifen?

A

An antiestrogen medication used in treating breast cancer.

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16
Q

What does the term ‘Tip of the Iceberg’ refer to?

A

A term used to describe the sonographic appearance of a dense ovarian dermoid tumor.

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17
Q

What are the descriptive terms for pelvic pathology? 4

A

MASS CHARACTERISTIC DESCRIPTIVE TERMS include:
1. overall composition,
2. Internal characteristics
3. Wall definition
4. Doppler characteristics.

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18
Q

What is the most common uterine neoplasm?

A

Intramural leiomyomas.

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19
Q

What is carcinoma in the context of cervical pathology? How common is it in the US?

A

An epithelial neoplasm and the third most common gynecological malignancy in the United States.

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20
Q

What are risk factors for cervical carcinoma? 5

A
  1. Human papilloma virus (HPV)
  2. Early sexual activity
  3. Multiple sex partners
  4. Use of oral contraceptives
  5. Smoking.
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21
Q

What are common clinical findings of cervical carcinoma? 5 (s/s)

A
  1. Asymptomatic
  2. Vaginal discharge or bleeding
  3. Palpable mass
  4. Weight loss
  5. Intermenstrual or postcoital bleeding.
22
Q

What are sonographic findings of cervical carcinoma? 4

A
  1. Hypoechoic or heterogeneous retrovesical mass
  2. Irregular margins
  3. Dilated ureter
  4. Anechoic or hypoechoic endometrial fluid collection.
23
Q

What are differential considerations for cervical carcinoma? 6

A
  1. Leiomyoma
  2. Complex cervical cyst
  3. Nabothian cyst
  4. Obstructed inclusion cyst(s)
  5. Chronic cervicitis.
  6. Polyp
24
Q

What is adenomyosis?

A

Ectopic endometrial tissue within the myometrium.

25
Q

What are risk factors for adenomyosis? 3

A
  1. Multiparity
  2. Elevated estrogen levels
  3. Aggressive curettage. (D+C)
26
Q

What are clinical findings of adenomyosis? 5 (s/s)

A
  1. Asymptomatic
  2. Pelvic pain or cramping
  3. Uterine enlargement
  4. Uterine tenderness
  5. Menorrhagia.
27
Q

What are sonographic findings of adenomyosis? 4

A
  1. Diffuse uterine enlargement
  2. Smooth uterine contour
  3. Heterogenous myometrium
  4. Poorly defined anechoic areas within the myometrium.
28
Q

What is the appearance of a degenerating fibroid?

A

An endometrial neoplasm.

29
Q

What are the types of leiomyomas? 4

A
  1. Intramural
  2. Pedunculated
  3. Submucosal
  4. Subserosal.
30
Q

What is a leiomyosarcoma?

A

A rare tumor derived from the smooth muscle of the uterus.

31
Q

What are common symptoms of leiomyosarcoma?

A

Asymptomatic, vaginal bleeding.

32
Q

What are sonographic findings of leiomyosarcoma?

A

Heterogeneous uterine mass, irregular margins.

33
Q

What is endometrial carcinoma?

A

An abnormality associated with estrogen stimulation, with adenocarcinoma being the most common type.

34
Q

What are risk factors for endometrial carcinoma? 5

A
  1. Obesity
  2. Diabetes
  3. Anovulatory cycles
  4. Nulliparity
  5. Postmenopause.
35
Q

What are clinical findings of endometrial carcinoma? 3 (S/S)

A
  1. Abnormal bleeding
  2. Focal irregularity of the endometrium
  3. Myometrial distortion.
36
Q

What are differential considerations for endometrial carcinoma? 3

A
  1. Endometrial hyperplasia
  2. Endometrial polyp
  3. Endometritis.
37
Q

What is a cystadenocarcinoma? What S/S does it present with? 3

A

An epithelial neoplasm presenting with a:
1. Palpable pelvic mass
2. Unexplained weight gain
3. Pelvic pain.

38
Q

What are sonographic findings of cystadenocarcinoma? 3

A
  1. Multilocular
  2. Complex mass with ill-defined wall margins
  3. Mural nodules.
39
Q

What is another name for cystic teratoma? What does it arise from and contain? 3

A
  1. Also called dermoid
  2. It arises from the wall of a follicle
  3. Contains fat, hair, skin, and teeth.
40
Q

What are clinical findings of a cystic teratoma? 3 (S/S)

A
  1. Asymptomatic
  2. Abdominal pressure
  3. Mild to acute pelvic pain.
41
Q

What are sonographic findings of a cystic teratoma? 2

A
  1. ‘Tip of the Iceberg’ appearance
  2. Complex mass with thick, irregular margins.
42
Q

What is polycystic ovarian syndrome? What is it characterized by?

A
  1. An endocrine imbalance causing chronic anovulation
  2. Characterized by irregular menses and hirsutism.
43
Q

What are sonographic findings of polycystic ovarian syndrome?

A

Bilateral round, enlarged ovaries with presence of ten or more follicles per ovary.

44
Q

What is a Brenner tumor? What is it associated with?

A

A benign tumor arising from fibroepithelial tissue, associated with Meigs syndrome.

45
Q

What are clinical findings of a Brenner tumor? (S/S)

A

Asymptomatic, unilateral pelvic pain or fullness.

46
Q

What are sonographic findings of a Brenner tumor? 3

A
  1. Small
  2. Hypoechoic
  3. Solid ovarian mass with well-defined wall margins.
47
Q

When is an arteriovenous fistula often diagnosed? What is it characterized by?

A
  1. Often diagnosed post-abortion and postpartum
  2. Characterized by multiple serpingous anechoic structures within the myometrium.
48
Q

What are clinical findings of an arteriovenous fistula? (S/S) 2

A

Menorrhagia, anemia.

49
Q

What are sonographic findings of an arteriovenous fistula? 3

A
  1. Abundant blood flow within the anechoic structures
  2. High-velocity
  3. Low-resistance arterial flow.
50
Q

What is ovarian torsion?

A

Partial or complete rotation of the ovary on its pedicle, commonly associated with an adnexal mass.

51
Q

What are clinical findings of ovarian torsion? 3

A
  1. Severe or consistent pelvic pain
  2. Nausea/vomiting
  3. Palpable pelvic mass.
52
Q

What are sonographic findings of ovarian torsion? 4

A
  1. Decreased or absent venous and arterial blood flow to the ovary
  2. Enlarged
  3. Round
  4. Heterogeneous ovarian mass.

SONOCAN OB Review (22 decks)

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