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A.P. Psychology > Thinking, Language, Intelligence > Flashcards

Thinking, Language, Intelligence Flashcards

1
Q

cognition

A

all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

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2
Q

concept

A

mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, people

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3
Q

prototype

A

a mental imagee or best example of a category

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4
Q

algorithm

A

a rule of procedure that when followed properly will always lead to the correct solution

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5
Q

heuristic

A

shortcut or rule of thumb that allows to solve problems/make judgements more quickly - more prone to error

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6
Q

insight

A

a sudden realization of problem’s solution

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7
Q

incubation effect

A

tendency to arrive at a solution after a period of time away from the problem

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8
Q

confirmation bias

A

tendency to seek information that confirms rather than disproves our ideas

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9
Q

fixation

A

inability to see a problem from a new perspective

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10
Q

mental set

A

tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, usually one that was successful in the past

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11
Q

functional fixedness

A

inability to see a new use for an object

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12
Q

creativity

A

the ability to produce new and valuble ideas

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13
Q

divergent thinking

A

generate multiple solutions to a problem

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14
Q

convergent thinking

A

narrow thinking to find single best solution

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15
Q

Kahneman’s System 1

A

arrive at decisions quickly, intuitive and automatic

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16
Q

Kahenman’s System 2

A

slower controlled processing, requires effort and analysis

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17
Q

many errors in thinking comes from

A

over reliance on System 1

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18
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

judging likelihood of something dependting on how well it matches of represents out prototypes (system 1 error)

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19
Q

availability heuristic

A

estimate the likelihood of something based on how easily it comes to mind; if more readily available, we judge it as more likely

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20
Q

anchoring heuristic

A

decision makers anchor on an initial number and fail to adjust sufficiently

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21
Q

sunk cost fallacy

A

tendency to invest more money or resources after some have already been invested

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22
Q

framing

A

the way in which something is worded or presented

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23
Q

overconfidence

A

tendency to be more confident than correct

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24
Q

belief perserverance

A

maintaining one’s initial beliefs even in the face of contradictory evidence; arguing for a point only strengthens it

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25
belief bias
tendence for pre-existing beliefs to distort our logic
26
which psychologists are defined the different heuristics
Kahneman and Tversky
27
language
spoken, written, or signed words and combining them to communicate meaning
28
phoneme
smallest distinctive sound unit (40 in English)
29
morpheme
smallest unit that carries meaning
30
semantics
set of rules by which we derive from phonemes and morphemes
31
syntax
rules used to order or comine words into sentences
32
receptive language
abiliy to comprehend speech - develops first
33
productive language
ability to produce words - develops later
34
motherese/parentese
how people talk to babies (or dogs)
35
babbling stage
spontaneously utter sounds that are unrelated to native speech (age 4 months)
36
when does babbling represent native language
9 months
37
one word stage
child speaks in one word, age 1
38
two word stage
child speaks in two word statemends at age 2
39
telegrpahic speech
child speaks like telegrams using mostly nouns and verbs -sign of starting to learn grammar
40
overgeneralization
applying grammatical rule to cases where it should not be used
41
Skinner's thoughts on language
nurture: language through operant conditioning
42
Chomsky's thoughts on language
nature: language acquisition device - all children born with ability to learn language and develop language in same way
43
Chomsky: surface structure
actual wording of sentence
44
Chomsky: deep structure
underlying meaning of sentence
45
linguistic determinism
language determines way we think; Whorf
46
what is a more accurate definiton of linguistic determinism
language influences way we think, vice versa
47
intelligence
ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
48
Spearman theory on intelligence
one general intelligence (g) that underlies our abilities in various areas
49
factor analysis
statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related test items (factors)
50
how factor analysis supports general intelligence
people who showed exceptional level in one area tended to score above average in other areas
51
Thurstone theory on intelligence
identified 7 clusters of intelligence (but his theory still indicates evidence of g)
52
Gardner's multiple intelligence theory
identified 8 relatively independent intelligences
53
gardner's ninth intelligence
existential intelligence: pondering life, death, and existence
54
savant syndrome
person has limited mental abilities but some exceptional skill
55
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory
agrees that there are multiple intelligences, but only 3: analytic, creative, and practical
56
analytic intelligence
logical reasoning, academic problem solving
57
creative intelligence
ability to generate novel ideas, design, and invent
58
practical intelligence
required for everyday tasks
59
emotional intelligence
ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
60
psychometrics
branck of psychology that is concerned with mental testing
61
aptitude test
designed to predict future performance
62
achievement test
desicned to assess what a person has learned
63
intelligence test
method for assesssing an individual's mental aptitude and compares them to others using numerical score
64
where/how did intelligence testing start
1900s France - pass law that requires children to attend school -- test to find which students were behind
65
Alfred Binet (and Theodore Simon)
designed the test for French schooling system to use; test level of development
66
mental age
chronological age for a typical level of performance
67
3 categories for the french students
moron, imbeciles, idiot
68
Binet's fear
the intelligence test would be used to measure innate intelligence - his fear came true
69
Lewis Terman
professor at Stanford who wanted to use Binet's test
70
Stanford Binet
redesigned test to match age norms in U.S. - one of more widely used standardized intelligence tests today
71
Stanford Binet introduced what into the U.S.
IQ - intelligence quotient
72
intelligence quotient
(mentalage/chronological age) x 100 | not used anymore
73
what did Terman think about the IQ
it was a measure of innate intelligence - not what Binet wanted
74
how did the Standford Binet impact field of psychology
helped legitimize psychology as field of science
75
WAIS
most widely used intelligence test that contains verbal and performance sections
76
WISC and WPPSI
intelligence test for children and preschool kids
77
differences in WAIS score can indicate
cognitive strength OR weakness
78
standardization
defining meaningful scores by comparing a person's performance with that of a pretested group (compared to others your age)
79
standard deviation of IQ score
15 (average score is 100)
80
Flynn effect
rise in intelligence test performance - must restandardize over timet
81
low end of IQ bell curve
70 or below - intellectual disability, difficult adapting to demands of everyday life
82
high end of IQ bell curve
score of 130 or above - giftedness
83
IQ tests before age 3
not very predictive except at extremes
84
crystallized intelligence
one's accumulated knowledge that increases with age
85
fluid intelligence
ability to reason speedily and abstractly - decrease begins age 20-30s
86
IQ scores of identical twins raised together
similar to one person taking same test twice (0.85 correlation)
87
how can environment effect cognitive development
decificient environment can have negative effect
88
heritability
extent to which differences can be attributed to genes (high heritability means differences are highly linked to difference in genes)
89
heritabiliity for intelligence
50-80%
90
what happens to heritability as ennvironment becomes more similar
increases

A.P. Psychology (18 decks)

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