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A.P. Psychology > Learning > Flashcards

Learning Flashcards

1
Q

learning

A

relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

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2
Q

behaviorism

A

psychology focus on observable behavior (not the mind)

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3
Q

associative learning

A

linking one event or stimulus with another

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4
Q

conditioning

A

process by which associations are learned - training your brain

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5
Q

classical conditioning

A

associating neutral stimuli with stimuli that produce involuntary responses - neutral stimuli produces that response

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6
Q

pavlov

A

trained dog to salivate at sound of a bell

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7
Q

unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

triggers automatic unlearned response

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8
Q

unconditioned response (UR)

A

unlearned, natural response to a stimulus

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9
Q

conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

neutral stimulus that is paired with a US, then triggers a CR

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10
Q

conditioned response (CR)

A

learned response to previously neutral stimulus - always same as UR, but has a different stimulus

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11
Q

acquisition

A

initial learning stage of associations (CR first elicited by CS)

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12
Q

biological predisposition to association

A

more readily make some associations versus others (food-nausea rather than sound-nausea)

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13
Q

delayed timing

A

CS is presented and continues at least until US is presented

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14
Q

trace timing

A

CS is presented and stopped before presentation of US

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15
Q

simultaneous timing

A

CS and US presented at same time

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16
Q

backward timing

A

US is presented before CS (taste aversions)

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17
Q

contiguity model (pavlov)

A

conditioning will occur whenever CS and US are paired (learn associations when close in time)

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18
Q

contigency model (rescorla and wagner)

A

CS must reliably predict US

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19
Q

blocking

A

prior experience with one stimulus prevents later conditioning to a second stimulus

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20
Q

higher-order conditioning

A

pair CS with new neutral stimulus

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21
Q

cognition in conditioning

A

knowing the response

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22
Q

extinction

A

decrease in CR when US no longer paired with CS

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23
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

reappearance of weakened CR after extinction (and a break)

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24
Q

generalization

A

stimuli similar to CS elicit CR

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25
example of generalization
Little Albert - Watson conditioned fear response with small furry objects
26
discrimination
learned ability to distinguish between CS and other stimuli
27
counter conditioning
technique used in therapy to substitute new response for a maladaptive one through conditioning procedures
28
two types of counter conditioning
exposure therapy and aversion therapy
29
exposure therapy
expose person to fear-evoking stimulus
30
two types of exposure therapy
flooding and systemic desensitization
31
flooding
presents stimulus until fear response extinguished
32
systemic desensitization
associate a pleasant relaxed state with gradual increase in fearful stimulus
33
aversion therapy
replace a favorable response with a negative one; learn aversive response to harmful stimulus
34
operant conditioning
type of associative learning in which behavior is altered by its consequences
35
operant behavior
behavior that operates on environment
36
thorndike's law of effect
behavior with positive consequence more likely to occur; behavior with negative consequence less likely to occur
37
operant conditioning is different from classical because
response is voluntary, not automatic; associate a behavior and a response, not a behavior and a stimulus
38
skinner's box
electrically charged floor, lights, speaker, food dispenser
39
cumulative recorder
records responses (like an EEG sort of)
40
reinforcement
anuything that increases frequency of behavior
41
positive reinforcement
adding stimulus after response to increase likelihood of that response
42
negative reinforcement
remove stimulus to increase likelihood of behavior
43
two types of negative reinforcement
escape conditioning and avoidance conditioning
44
primary reinforcer
inherently reinforcing stimuli (food, warmth, air, sleep)
45
secondary reinforcer
get reinforcing power because associated with primary reinforcer (money, grades)
46
immediate vs. delayed
conditioning works best when reinforcer comes right after behavior
47
continuous reinforcement
reinforce behavior every time it occurs; | good for learning new behavior, bad for maintaining it
48
partial reinforcement
behavior only reinforced sometimes | good for maintaining behavior, bad for learning it
49
fixed ratio
response is reinforced after certain number of responses
50
variable ratio
response is reinforced after unknown number of responses
51
fixed interval
reponse is reinforced after certain amount of time
52
variable ratio
response is reinforced after unknown amount of time
53
fixed interval causes what type of cumulative record
scallop effect
54
which type of reinforcement is most resistant to extinction
variable ratio and interval
55
punishment
anything that decreases likelihood of a behavior
56
positive punishment
adding stimulus to decrease a behavior
57
negative punishment
removing stimulus to decrease a behavior
58
extinction (operant)
response decrease when reinforcement stops
59
spontaneous recovery (operant)
temporary recovering in rate of responding
60
generalization (operant)
performing a reinforced behavior in another situation
61
discrimination (operant)
organism learns that certain responses will be reinforced but not others
62
shaping
reinforcers gradually guide actions toward a desired end behavior
63
biological predisposition (operant)
instinctive drift - taught behavior will drift back towardss normal, natural behavior
64
cognition (operant)
cognitive map - mental representation of layout of environment -Tullman
65
latent learning
learning that occurs but it is not demonstrated until there is an incentive to do so
66
applied behavior analysis
reinforce behavior and ignore or punish bad behaviors
67
token economy
people earn tokens for exhibiting desirable behavior which can later be exchanged for privileges
68
observational learning
learning by observing others
69
albert bandura
social cognitive learning with Bobo doll study
70
bobo doll study
kids who watched adults act aggresively towards doll were more likely to act aggresively towards the doll
71
modeling (obesrvational learing)
process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
72
mirror neurons
frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing an action or seeing the action performed

A.P. Psychology (18 decks)

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