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A.P. Psychology > Learning > Flashcards

Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

learning

A

relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

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2
Q

behaviorism

A

psychology focus on observable behavior (not the mind)

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3
Q

associative learning

A

linking one event or stimulus with another

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4
Q

conditioning

A

process by which associations are learned - training your brain

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5
Q

classical conditioning

A

associating neutral stimuli with stimuli that produce involuntary responses - neutral stimuli produces that response

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6
Q

pavlov

A

trained dog to salivate at sound of a bell

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7
Q

unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

triggers automatic unlearned response

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8
Q

unconditioned response (UR)

A

unlearned, natural response to a stimulus

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9
Q

conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

neutral stimulus that is paired with a US, then triggers a CR

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10
Q

conditioned response (CR)

A

learned response to previously neutral stimulus - always same as UR, but has a different stimulus

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11
Q

acquisition

A

initial learning stage of associations (CR first elicited by CS)

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12
Q

biological predisposition to association

A

more readily make some associations versus others (food-nausea rather than sound-nausea)

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13
Q

delayed timing

A

CS is presented and continues at least until US is presented

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14
Q

trace timing

A

CS is presented and stopped before presentation of US

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15
Q

simultaneous timing

A

CS and US presented at same time

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16
Q

backward timing

A

US is presented before CS (taste aversions)

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17
Q

contiguity model (pavlov)

A

conditioning will occur whenever CS and US are paired (learn associations when close in time)

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18
Q

contigency model (rescorla and wagner)

A

CS must reliably predict US

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19
Q

blocking

A

prior experience with one stimulus prevents later conditioning to a second stimulus

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20
Q

higher-order conditioning

A

pair CS with new neutral stimulus

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21
Q

cognition in conditioning

A

knowing the response

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22
Q

extinction

A

decrease in CR when US no longer paired with CS

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23
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

reappearance of weakened CR after extinction (and a break)

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24
Q

generalization

A

stimuli similar to CS elicit CR

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25
Q

example of generalization

A

Little Albert - Watson conditioned fear response with small furry objects

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26
Q

discrimination

A

learned ability to distinguish between CS and other stimuli

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27
Q

counter conditioning

A

technique used in therapy to substitute new response for a maladaptive one through conditioning procedures

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28
Q

two types of counter conditioning

A

exposure therapy and aversion therapy

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29
Q

exposure therapy

A

expose person to fear-evoking stimulus

30
Q

two types of exposure therapy

A

flooding and systemic desensitization

31
Q

flooding

A

presents stimulus until fear response extinguished

32
Q

systemic desensitization

A

associate a pleasant relaxed state with gradual increase in fearful stimulus

33
Q

aversion therapy

A

replace a favorable response with a negative one; learn aversive response to harmful stimulus

34
Q

operant conditioning

A

type of associative learning in which behavior is altered by its consequences

35
Q

operant behavior

A

behavior that operates on environment

36
Q

thorndike’s law of effect

A

behavior with positive consequence more likely to occur; behavior with negative consequence less likely to occur

37
Q

operant conditioning is different from classical because

A

response is voluntary, not automatic; associate a behavior and a response, not a behavior and a stimulus

38
Q

skinner’s box

A

electrically charged floor, lights, speaker, food dispenser

39
Q

cumulative recorder

A

records responses (like an EEG sort of)

40
Q

reinforcement

A

anuything that increases frequency of behavior

41
Q

positive reinforcement

A

adding stimulus after response to increase likelihood of that response

42
Q

negative reinforcement

A

remove stimulus to increase likelihood of behavior

43
Q

two types of negative reinforcement

A

escape conditioning and avoidance conditioning

44
Q

primary reinforcer

A

inherently reinforcing stimuli (food, warmth, air, sleep)

45
Q

secondary reinforcer

A

get reinforcing power because associated with primary reinforcer (money, grades)

46
Q

immediate vs. delayed

A

conditioning works best when reinforcer comes right after behavior

47
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

reinforce behavior every time it occurs;

good for learning new behavior, bad for maintaining it

48
Q

partial reinforcement

A

behavior only reinforced sometimes

good for maintaining behavior, bad for learning it

49
Q

fixed ratio

A

response is reinforced after certain number of responses

50
Q

variable ratio

A

response is reinforced after unknown number of responses

51
Q

fixed interval

A

reponse is reinforced after certain amount of time

52
Q

variable ratio

A

response is reinforced after unknown amount of time

53
Q

fixed interval causes what type of cumulative record

A

scallop effect

54
Q

which type of reinforcement is most resistant to extinction

A

variable ratio and interval

55
Q

punishment

A

anything that decreases likelihood of a behavior

56
Q

positive punishment

A

adding stimulus to decrease a behavior

57
Q

negative punishment

A

removing stimulus to decrease a behavior

58
Q

extinction (operant)

A

response decrease when reinforcement stops

59
Q

spontaneous recovery (operant)

A

temporary recovering in rate of responding

60
Q

generalization (operant)

A

performing a reinforced behavior in another situation

61
Q

discrimination (operant)

A

organism learns that certain responses will be reinforced but not others

62
Q

shaping

A

reinforcers gradually guide actions toward a desired end behavior

63
Q

biological predisposition (operant)

A

instinctive drift - taught behavior will drift back towardss normal, natural behavior

64
Q

cognition (operant)

A

cognitive map - mental representation of layout of environment -Tullman

65
Q

latent learning

A

learning that occurs but it is not demonstrated until there is an incentive to do so

66
Q

applied behavior analysis

A

reinforce behavior and ignore or punish bad behaviors

67
Q

token economy

A

people earn tokens for exhibiting desirable behavior which can later be exchanged for privileges

68
Q

observational learning

A

learning by observing others

69
Q

albert bandura

A

social cognitive learning with Bobo doll study

70
Q

bobo doll study

A

kids who watched adults act aggresively towards doll were more likely to act aggresively towards the doll

71
Q

modeling (obesrvational learing)

A

process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

72
Q

mirror neurons

A

frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing an action or seeing the action performed

A.P. Psychology (18 decks)

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