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A.P. Psychology > Class Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Class Lecture 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

psychology

A

scientific study of behavior and mental processes

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2
Q

science

A

hypothesize, research, experiment, theorize, data, statistical tests

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3
Q

behavior

A

observable, can be measured

controlled and automatic body funtions

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4
Q

mental processes

A

cognitive activity not observable by an outsider

thoughts, feelings, memories, dream, etc.

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5
Q

psychologist

A

Ph.D in psychology or Psy.D

cannot prescribe medicine

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6
Q

psychiatrist

A

M.D.

can prescribe medication

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7
Q

clinical psychologists

A

treat patients with sever disorders
largest group of psychologists
some can prescribe medicine

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8
Q

counseling psychologists

A

work with people who have adjustment problems (indecisiveness, stress, family, etc.)
work in business, college counseling

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9
Q

school psychologists

A

diagnose/treat problems that interfere with learning

advise teachers and parents on how to help

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10
Q

educational psychologists

A

study mental processes involved in learning

research factors that influence learning

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11
Q

developmental psychologists

A

study changes throughout lifespan

physical, emotional, cognitive, social changes

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12
Q

personality psychologists

A

study development of personality

traits and how problems arise, gender roles, etc.

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13
Q

social psychologists

A

study how people behave in social situations

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14
Q

industrial/organizational psychologists

A

work with companies to make them successful, productive, efficient

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15
Q

environmental psychologists

A

study how environment impacts behavior

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16
Q

contemporary perspectives of psychology

A

no structuralists or functionalists
gestalts play small role
few traditional behaviorists or psychoanalysts

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17
Q

eclectic approach to psychology

A

view psychology through many different lenses

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18
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

combines cognitive psychology and biological neuroscience

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19
Q

cognitive psychology

A

how thoughts and perceptions influence our behavior

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20
Q

1960s Cognitive Revolution

A

new way of studying the mind
focus on how we process, store, and use info
Piaget and Kohlberg

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21
Q

biological neuroscience

A

how body and brain influences behavior

focus on nervous system, brain anatomy, hormones

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22
Q

psychodynamic perspectives

A

influence of unconscious forces on human behavior (less emphasis on sex and aggression)
Freud, Jung, Erikson, Adler

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23
Q

behavioral/learning pespectives

A

personal experience and reinforcement guide development
emphasis on environmental influences on observable behavior
Pavlov, Watson, Skinner, Bandura, Thorndike

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24
Q

evolutionary perspectives

A

how species survives as a result of natural selection of traits
behavior tendencies are result of natural selection
Darwin

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25
Q

human psychology

A

humans are in control of their own destiny and can reach full potential
Rogers and Maslow

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26
Q

sociocultural psychology

A

behavior and thinking influenced by situation and culture

Hall, Zimbardo, Milgram, Ashe

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27
Q

behavioral genetics

A

development of understanding, regarding how much heredity/environment influences our behavior
involves twin studies

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28
Q

biopsychosocial approach

A

approaches behavior from biological, psychological, and sociocultural standpoints

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29
Q

scientific method

A

gather info and answer questions in a systematic, unbiased way

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30
Q

theory

A

explanation or set of principles used to explain and predict behaviors or events (never proven, only supported)

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31
Q

hypothesis

A

testable prediction

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32
Q

something is scientific if it is

A

observable, testable, falsafiable

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33
Q

hindsight bias

A

tendency to believe you would have foreseen an outcome after you know it

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34
Q

types of research methods

A

descriptive, correlational, experimental

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35
Q

descriptive research methods

A

observe and record behavior

case study, laboratory observation, naturalistic observation, survey

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36
Q

case study

A

in-depth analysis of individual or small group

hard to generalize and replicate, no control or manipulation

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37
Q

laboratory observation

A

observe behavior in lab

controlled behavior, not the same as real life

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38
Q

Hawthorne Effect

A

people alter their behavior when they know they’re being observed

39
Q

naturalistic observation

A

researcher observes behavior in the field or tries not to interfere
natural setting, no control

40
Q

survey

A

uses self reports to obtain info about people’s attitudes and behaviors

41
Q

population

A

entire group from which you want to gather info

42
Q

sample

A

a portion of the population

43
Q

random sample

A

every person in the population has equal chance of participating
sample represents entire population, allows to make generalizations

44
Q

problems with surveys

A

wording matters

people may lie, limit responses, or say what they think the interviewer wants to hear

45
Q

volunteer bias

A

people who choose to fill out surveys are inherently different from people who do not
does not represent entire population

46
Q

why surveys are so useful

A

can reach many people and gather large amounts of info quickly and easily

47
Q

testing method of research

A

measures traits or characteristics

48
Q

good tests must be both

A

reliable and valid

49
Q

reliability

A

test gives consistent results

50
Q

ways to test reliability

A

split-half

test-retest

51
Q

split-half

A

give test then score halves separately

52
Q

test-retest

A

give test twice over certain period of time

53
Q

validity

A

test measures what it is designed to measure
content, related to what you want to measure
predictive, predict what it is supposed to

54
Q

longitudinal study

A

observe test participants over long period of time
same people, so can compare changes over time
people drop out, die, move, etc.

55
Q

cross-sectional study

A

select sample that includes people of different ages
takes less time
difference may be due to things other than time

56
Q

correlation

A

the extent to which two factors vary together and thus predict one another

57
Q

correlation coefficient

A

mathematical expression of relationship
ranges from -1 to +1
sign tells direction, magnitude tells strength

58
Q

positive correlation

A

two factors increase or decrease together

59
Q

negative correlation

A

two factors increase or decrease oppositely

60
Q

zero correlation

A

two factors are unrelated

61
Q

correlation NEVER infers

A

causation

62
Q

illusory correlation

A

perception of relationship where none exists

63
Q

regression towards the mean

A

tendency for extreme scores to fall back towards the average

64
Q

experimental research

A

researcher manipulates variables and observes effects

allows discovery of causation

65
Q

independent variable

A

factor that is manipulated

66
Q

dependent variable

A

factor that is being measured

67
Q

control group/condition

A

not exposed to IV, serve as companion

68
Q

experimental group/condition

A

participants (Ps) exposed to IV

69
Q

random assignment

A

assigning Ps to control or experimental conditions by chance

70
Q

confounding variable

A

irrelevant factors that may have impact on DV

71
Q

placebo effect

A

some effect due to expectations alone

active control group

72
Q

double-blind procedure

A

when neither the researcher nor the participants know who is getting the drug or the placebo; a third party knows

73
Q

operational definition

A

procedure used to define research variable, allowing researchers to replicate studies

74
Q

confederate

A

friend of the experimenter, in on the experiment

75
Q

ecological validity

A

extent to which findings are able to be generalized to real-life settings

76
Q

psych research participants are WEIRD

A

Western Educated Industrialized Rich Democratic

77
Q

ethics in research

A
  1. obtain inferred consent
  2. patient confidentiality
  3. protect patients from harm/discomfort
  4. debrief after experiment
78
Q

positive skew or

A

skewed to the right

fewer high scores in the distribution

79
Q

negative skew or

A

skewed to the left

fewer low scores in the distribution

80
Q

descriptive statistics

A

numbers used to present a collection of data in a brief yet meaningful form

81
Q

standard deviation

A

how widely scores in distribution are scattered above and below the mean

82
Q

inferential statistics

A

set of procedures for determining what conclusions can be legitimately inferred from a set of data

83
Q

tests of statistical significance

A

to see if results are meaningful

84
Q

t-test

A

test of statistical significance that compares the variabilities and means of two distributions

85
Q

in a t-test, bigger difference in means and smaller variability implies

A

higher chance that results are meaningful

86
Q

what is the accepted confidence result

A

95% confidence

87
Q

p-value

A

probability that results happened by chance

p

88
Q

df

A

degrees of freedom (n minus 2)

89
Q

null hypothesis

A

there is no effect

always want to reject the null hypothesis

90
Q

ANOVA

A

analysis of variance that compares more than two distributions

91
Q

MANOVA

A

ANOVA with multiple dependent variables

92
Q

chi-square

A

allows to compare data that doesn’t deal with numbers

categorizes info

93
Q

type I error

A

false positive: statistical test incorrectly rejects null hypothesis (meaning there is no effect)

94
Q

type II error

A

false negative: statistical test incorrectly accepts null hypothesis (meaning there is an effect)

A.P. Psychology (18 decks)

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