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A.P. Psychology > Class Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Class Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

psychology

A

scientific study of behavior and mental processes

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2
Q

science

A

hypothesize, research, experiment, theorize, data, statistical tests

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3
Q

behavior

A

observable, can be measured

controlled and automatic body funtions

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4
Q

mental processes

A

cognitive activity not observable by an outsider

thoughts, feelings, memories, dream, etc.

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5
Q

psychologist

A

Ph.D in psychology or Psy.D

cannot prescribe medicine

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6
Q

psychiatrist

A

M.D.

can prescribe medication

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7
Q

clinical psychologists

A

treat patients with sever disorders
largest group of psychologists
some can prescribe medicine

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8
Q

counseling psychologists

A

work with people who have adjustment problems (indecisiveness, stress, family, etc.)
work in business, college counseling

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9
Q

school psychologists

A

diagnose/treat problems that interfere with learning

advise teachers and parents on how to help

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10
Q

educational psychologists

A

study mental processes involved in learning

research factors that influence learning

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11
Q

developmental psychologists

A

study changes throughout lifespan

physical, emotional, cognitive, social changes

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12
Q

personality psychologists

A

study development of personality

traits and how problems arise, gender roles, etc.

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13
Q

social psychologists

A

study how people behave in social situations

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14
Q

industrial/organizational psychologists

A

work with companies to make them successful, productive, efficient

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15
Q

environmental psychologists

A

study how environment impacts behavior

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16
Q

contemporary perspectives of psychology

A

no structuralists or functionalists
gestalts play small role
few traditional behaviorists or psychoanalysts

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17
Q

eclectic approach to psychology

A

view psychology through many different lenses

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18
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

combines cognitive psychology and biological neuroscience

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19
Q

cognitive psychology

A

how thoughts and perceptions influence our behavior

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20
Q

1960s Cognitive Revolution

A

new way of studying the mind
focus on how we process, store, and use info
Piaget and Kohlberg

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21
Q

biological neuroscience

A

how body and brain influences behavior

focus on nervous system, brain anatomy, hormones

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22
Q

psychodynamic perspectives

A

influence of unconscious forces on human behavior (less emphasis on sex and aggression)
Freud, Jung, Erikson, Adler

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23
Q

behavioral/learning pespectives

A

personal experience and reinforcement guide development
emphasis on environmental influences on observable behavior
Pavlov, Watson, Skinner, Bandura, Thorndike

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24
Q

evolutionary perspectives

A

how species survives as a result of natural selection of traits
behavior tendencies are result of natural selection
Darwin

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25
human psychology
humans are in control of their own destiny and can reach full potential Rogers and Maslow
26
sociocultural psychology
behavior and thinking influenced by situation and culture | Hall, Zimbardo, Milgram, Ashe
27
behavioral genetics
development of understanding, regarding how much heredity/environment influences our behavior involves twin studies
28
biopsychosocial approach
approaches behavior from biological, psychological, and sociocultural standpoints
29
scientific method
gather info and answer questions in a systematic, unbiased way
30
theory
explanation or set of principles used to explain and predict behaviors or events (never proven, only supported)
31
hypothesis
testable prediction
32
something is scientific if it is
observable, testable, falsafiable
33
hindsight bias
tendency to believe you would have foreseen an outcome after you know it
34
types of research methods
descriptive, correlational, experimental
35
descriptive research methods
observe and record behavior | case study, laboratory observation, naturalistic observation, survey
36
case study
in-depth analysis of individual or small group | hard to generalize and replicate, no control or manipulation
37
laboratory observation
observe behavior in lab | controlled behavior, not the same as real life
38
Hawthorne Effect
people alter their behavior when they know they're being observed
39
naturalistic observation
researcher observes behavior in the field or tries not to interfere natural setting, no control
40
survey
uses self reports to obtain info about people's attitudes and behaviors
41
population
entire group from which you want to gather info
42
sample
a portion of the population
43
random sample
every person in the population has equal chance of participating sample represents entire population, allows to make generalizations
44
problems with surveys
wording matters | people may lie, limit responses, or say what they think the interviewer wants to hear
45
volunteer bias
people who choose to fill out surveys are inherently different from people who do not does not represent entire population
46
why surveys are so useful
can reach many people and gather large amounts of info quickly and easily
47
testing method of research
measures traits or characteristics
48
good tests must be both
reliable and valid
49
reliability
test gives consistent results
50
ways to test reliability
split-half | test-retest
51
split-half
give test then score halves separately
52
test-retest
give test twice over certain period of time
53
validity
test measures what it is designed to measure content, related to what you want to measure predictive, predict what it is supposed to
54
longitudinal study
observe test participants over long period of time same people, so can compare changes over time people drop out, die, move, etc.
55
cross-sectional study
select sample that includes people of different ages takes less time difference may be due to things other than time
56
correlation
the extent to which two factors vary together and thus predict one another
57
correlation coefficient
mathematical expression of relationship ranges from -1 to +1 sign tells direction, magnitude tells strength
58
positive correlation
two factors increase or decrease together
59
negative correlation
two factors increase or decrease oppositely
60
zero correlation
two factors are unrelated
61
correlation NEVER infers
causation
62
illusory correlation
perception of relationship where none exists
63
regression towards the mean
tendency for extreme scores to fall back towards the average
64
experimental research
researcher manipulates variables and observes effects | allows discovery of causation
65
independent variable
factor that is manipulated
66
dependent variable
factor that is being measured
67
control group/condition
not exposed to IV, serve as companion
68
experimental group/condition
participants (Ps) exposed to IV
69
random assignment
assigning Ps to control or experimental conditions by chance
70
confounding variable
irrelevant factors that may have impact on DV
71
placebo effect
some effect due to expectations alone | active control group
72
double-blind procedure
when neither the researcher nor the participants know who is getting the drug or the placebo; a third party knows
73
operational definition
procedure used to define research variable, allowing researchers to replicate studies
74
confederate
friend of the experimenter, in on the experiment
75
ecological validity
extent to which findings are able to be generalized to real-life settings
76
psych research participants are WEIRD
Western Educated Industrialized Rich Democratic
77
ethics in research
1. obtain inferred consent 2. patient confidentiality 3. protect patients from harm/discomfort 4. debrief after experiment
78
positive skew or
skewed to the right | fewer high scores in the distribution
79
negative skew or
skewed to the left | fewer low scores in the distribution
80
descriptive statistics
numbers used to present a collection of data in a brief yet meaningful form
81
standard deviation
how widely scores in distribution are scattered above and below the mean
82
inferential statistics
set of procedures for determining what conclusions can be legitimately inferred from a set of data
83
tests of statistical significance
to see if results are meaningful
84
t-test
test of statistical significance that compares the variabilities and means of two distributions
85
in a t-test, bigger difference in means and smaller variability implies
higher chance that results are meaningful
86
what is the accepted confidence result
95% confidence
87
p-value
probability that results happened by chance | p
88
df
degrees of freedom (n minus 2)
89
null hypothesis
there is no effect | always want to reject the null hypothesis
90
ANOVA
analysis of variance that compares more than two distributions
91
MANOVA
ANOVA with multiple dependent variables
92
chi-square
allows to compare data that doesn't deal with numbers | categorizes info
93
type I error
false positive: statistical test incorrectly rejects null hypothesis (meaning there is no effect)
94
type II error
false negative: statistical test incorrectly accepts null hypothesis (meaning there is an effect)

A.P. Psychology (18 decks)

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