Motivation, Emotion, and Stress

Question 1

motivation

Answer 1

psychological or physiological need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

Question 2

instinct theory

Answer 2

instrincts are innate tendencies or biological forces that determine behavior

Question 3

psychologist associated with instinct theory

Answer 3

McDougall

Question 4

instincts must have

Answer 4

fixed pattern throughout species - more prevalent in animals than in humans

Question 5

drive reduction theory

Answer 5

a physiological need creates an aroused state that drives us to reduce this need

Question 6

incentive theory

Answer 6

positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

Question 7

push factor

Answer 7

comes from within - drive reduction

Question 8

pull facotor

Answer 8

we learn to value incentives - incentive theory

Question 9

arousal theory

Answer 9

sometimes we are motivated by activities or behaviors that increase our arousal

Question 10

human behavior and arousal theory

Answer 10

behavior directed by achieving an optimum level of arousal

Question 11

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 11

we satisfy needs in a certain order; cannot move onto the next level without achieving the previous one

Question 12

needs in maslow’s hierarchy from bottom to top

Answer 12

physiological - safety - love - esteem - self-actualization

Question 13

most recent addition to maslow’s hierarchy

Answer 13

self-transcendance - contributing one’s meaning to society

Question 14

extrinsic motivation

Answer 14

engage in activities or behavior that either reduces biological need or helps us obtain incentives or external rewards, or to avoid punishment

Question 15

intrinsic motivation

Answer 15

engaging in activities or behavior because the behaviors themselves are personally rewarding

Question 16

overjustification effect

Answer 16

an expected external factor decreases a person’s intrinsic motivation

Question 17

conflicts

Answer 17

feelings when you must choose between 2 or more incompatible options, either way there is a downside

Question 18

approach-approach conflict

Answer 18

choosing between 2 situation that both have pleasurable consequences (movie vs game)

Question 19

avoidance-avoidance conflict

Answer 19

choosing between 2 situations that both have undesirable consequences (studying vocab or bio project)

Question 20

approach-avoidance conflict

Answer 20

involves a single situation that has both desirable and undesirable consequences (ice cream when lactose intolerant)

Question 21

multiple approach-avoidance conflict

Answer 21

choosing between 2 or more things each of which have good and bad consequences (choosing college)

Question 22

3 factors for hunger motivation

Answer 22

biological, genetic, psychological

Question 23

biological factors for hunger

Answer 23

body chemistry and brain - peripheral cues and central cues

Question 24

peripheral cues for hunger

Answer 24

come from changes in blood chemistry and signals from digestive organs (stomach, glucose and liver, intestines, fat cells)

Question 25

cannon and washburn experiment

Answer 25

washburn swallowed balloon with recording device - recorded stomach contractions when he was hungry

Question 26

empty stomach secretes

Answer 26

ghrelin - carries hunger signals to hypothalamus

Question 27

full stomach secretes

Answer 27

obestatin - sends "full" signals to hypothalamus

Question 28

pancreas secretes

Answer 28

insulin which extracts sugar from blood

Question 29

liver

Answer 29

monitors levels of glucose in blood and sends signals to hypothalamus

Question 30

intestines secrete

Answer 30

PYY-digestive hormone that suppresses appetite, carries full signals to hypothalamus CCK - initiates digestion of fat and protein

Question 31

fat cells secrete

Answer 31

leptin - low leptin, hypothalamus increases appetite

Question 32

central cues for hunger

Answer 32

result from activity in different brain areas (2 parts of hypothalamus) - lateral and ventromedial

Question 33

lateral hypothalamus

Answer 33

brings on hunger, receives signals and secretes orexin which increases appetite

Question 34

arcuate nucleus

Answer 34

projections to lateral hypothalamus

Question 35

ventromedial hypothalamus

Answer 35

depresses hunger, receives full signals and decreases appetite

Question 36

genetic factors for hunger

Answer 36

genes determine number of fat cells and metabolic rate

Question 37

adipocytes

Answer 37

enlarge with weight gain; morbidly obese can grow new fat cells; shrink if lose weight but never go away

Question 38

fat cells in average weight vs. obese person

Answer 38

10-20 billion vs. 100 billion

Question 39

basal metabolic rate

Answer 39

metabolism when at rest

Question 40

set point

Answer 40

theory that proposes that hypothalamus controls weight like a thermostat

Question 41

Ancel Keys experiment

Answer 41

for 6 months cut food intake in half - men conserved energy by becoming less active: BMR slowed by 29%, body weight dropped but stabilized at 25% of initial weight - became obsessed with food

Question 42

psychological factors for hunger

Answer 42

internals eat when hungry, externals eat when food is available

Question 43

role of learning in eating

Answer 43

knowing last time you ate or when you normally eat

Question 44

observational learning in eating

Answer 44

learn/watch what parents and friends eat

Question 45

role of culture in eating

Answer 45

determines taste preferences and desirable weight

Question 46

eating disorder

Answer 46

persistant disturbance in eating-related behavior that results in altered consumption/absorption of food and impairs physical health or psychological functioning

Question 47

binge eating disorder

Answer 47

binge eating episodes at least once a week for 3 months

Question 48

pica

Answer 48

persistent eating of non-nutritive substances

Question 49

anorexia nervosa

Answer 49

restriction of energy intake and low body weight (85% of what it should be) BMI under 17

Question 50

bulimia nervose

Answer 50

recurring episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate behavior to prevent weight gain

Question 51

Alfred Kinsey research study

Answer 51

interviewd large samples of men and women to collect data on sex research

Question 52

genetic factors in sexual motivation

Answer 52

sex chromosomes

Question 53

differentiation

Answer 53

first 4-6 weeks no difference between male and female embryo

Question 54

XY development

Answer 54

testes begin to grow and secrete androgens

Question 55

testosterone

Answer 55

triggers development of penis and programs hypothalamus

Question 56

XX development

Answer 56

ovaries develop and absence of testosterone leads to development of vagina and hypothalamus keeps default programming

Question 57

intersex

Answer 57

conflicting or ambiguous biological indicators; some are born inconclusive sex, raised a certain sex, and remain that sex - others declare themselves the other sex

Question 58

Bruce Brenda David

Answer 58

suggests that gender identity is biologically predetermined and cannot be changed by being raised a certain way