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A.P. Psychology > Motivation, Emotion, and Stress > Flashcards

Motivation, Emotion, and Stress Flashcards

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1
Q

motivation

A

psychological or physiological need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

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2
Q

instinct theory

A

instrincts are innate tendencies or biological forces that determine behavior

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3
Q

psychologist associated with instinct theory

A

McDougall

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4
Q

instincts must have

A

fixed pattern throughout species - more prevalent in animals than in humans

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5
Q

drive reduction theory

A

a physiological need creates an aroused state that drives us to reduce this need

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6
Q

incentive theory

A

positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

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7
Q

push factor

A

comes from within - drive reduction

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8
Q

pull facotor

A

we learn to value incentives - incentive theory

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9
Q

arousal theory

A

sometimes we are motivated by activities or behaviors that increase our arousal

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10
Q

human behavior and arousal theory

A

behavior directed by achieving an optimum level of arousal

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11
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

we satisfy needs in a certain order; cannot move onto the next level without achieving the previous one

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12
Q

needs in maslow’s hierarchy from bottom to top

A

physiological - safety - love - esteem - self-actualization

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13
Q

most recent addition to maslow’s hierarchy

A

self-transcendance - contributing one’s meaning to society

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14
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

engage in activities or behavior that either reduces biological need or helps us obtain incentives or external rewards, or to avoid punishment

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15
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

engaging in activities or behavior because the behaviors themselves are personally rewarding

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16
Q

overjustification effect

A

an expected external factor decreases a person’s intrinsic motivation

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17
Q

conflicts

A

feelings when you must choose between 2 or more incompatible options, either way there is a downside

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18
Q

approach-approach conflict

A

choosing between 2 situation that both have pleasurable consequences (movie vs game)

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19
Q

avoidance-avoidance conflict

A

choosing between 2 situations that both have undesirable consequences (studying vocab or bio project)

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20
Q

approach-avoidance conflict

A

involves a single situation that has both desirable and undesirable consequences (ice cream when lactose intolerant)

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21
Q

multiple approach-avoidance conflict

A

choosing between 2 or more things each of which have good and bad consequences (choosing college)

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22
Q

3 factors for hunger motivation

A

biological, genetic, psychological

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23
Q

biological factors for hunger

A

body chemistry and brain - peripheral cues and central cues

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24
Q

peripheral cues for hunger

A

come from changes in blood chemistry and signals from digestive organs (stomach, glucose and liver, intestines, fat cells)

25
Q

cannon and washburn experiment

A

washburn swallowed balloon with recording device - recorded stomach contractions when he was hungry

26
Q

empty stomach secretes

A

ghrelin - carries hunger signals to hypothalamus

27
Q

full stomach secretes

A

obestatin - sends “full” signals to hypothalamus

28
Q

pancreas secretes

A

insulin which extracts sugar from blood

29
Q

liver

A

monitors levels of glucose in blood and sends signals to hypothalamus

30
Q

intestines secrete

A

PYY-digestive hormone that suppresses appetite, carries full signals to hypothalamus
CCK - initiates digestion of fat and protein

31
Q

fat cells secrete

A

leptin - low leptin, hypothalamus increases appetite

32
Q

central cues for hunger

A

result from activity in different brain areas (2 parts of hypothalamus) - lateral and ventromedial

33
Q

lateral hypothalamus

A

brings on hunger, receives signals and secretes orexin which increases appetite

34
Q

arcuate nucleus

A

projections to lateral hypothalamus

35
Q

ventromedial hypothalamus

A

depresses hunger, receives full signals and decreases appetite

36
Q

genetic factors for hunger

A

genes determine number of fat cells and metabolic rate

37
Q

adipocytes

A

enlarge with weight gain; morbidly obese can grow new fat cells; shrink if lose weight but never go away

38
Q

fat cells in average weight vs. obese person

A

10-20 billion vs. 100 billion

39
Q

basal metabolic rate

A

metabolism when at rest

40
Q

set point

A

theory that proposes that hypothalamus controls weight like a thermostat

41
Q

Ancel Keys experiment

A

for 6 months cut food intake in half - men conserved energy by becoming less active: BMR slowed by 29%, body weight dropped but stabilized at 25% of initial weight - became obsessed with food

42
Q

psychological factors for hunger

A

internals eat when hungry, externals eat when food is available

43
Q

role of learning in eating

A

knowing last time you ate or when you normally eat

44
Q

observational learning in eating

A

learn/watch what parents and friends eat

45
Q

role of culture in eating

A

determines taste preferences and desirable weight

46
Q

eating disorder

A

persistant disturbance in eating-related behavior that results in altered consumption/absorption of food and impairs physical health or psychological functioning

47
Q

binge eating disorder

A

binge eating episodes at least once a week for 3 months

48
Q

pica

A

persistent eating of non-nutritive substances

49
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

restriction of energy intake and low body weight (85% of what it should be) BMI under 17

50
Q

bulimia nervose

A

recurring episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate behavior to prevent weight gain

51
Q

Alfred Kinsey research study

A

interviewd large samples of men and women to collect data on sex research

52
Q

genetic factors in sexual motivation

A

sex chromosomes

53
Q

differentiation

A

first 4-6 weeks no difference between male and female embryo

54
Q

XY development

A

testes begin to grow and secrete androgens

55
Q

testosterone

A

triggers development of penis and programs hypothalamus

56
Q

XX development

A

ovaries develop and absence of testosterone leads to development of vagina and hypothalamus keeps default programming

57
Q

intersex

A

conflicting or ambiguous biological indicators; some are born inconclusive sex, raised a certain sex, and remain that sex - others declare themselves the other sex

58
Q

Bruce Brenda David

A

suggests that gender identity is biologically predetermined and cannot be changed by being raised a certain way

A.P. Psychology (18 decks)

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