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A.P. Psychology > Social Psychology > Flashcards

Social Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

social psychology

A

examines how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

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2
Q

attributions theory

A

we explain others’ behavior by creditin the situation or person’s disposition

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3
Q

internal dispositional attributions

A

it’s the persons fault

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4
Q

external attributions

A

it was the situation

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5
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

tendency for observers to underestimate the impace of the situation and overestimate the impact of personal disposition when explaining another’s behavior

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6
Q

actor-observer bias

A

tendency to attribute our behavior to the situation and another’s behavior to disposition, unless we are explaining our successes

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7
Q

just-world phenomenon

A

tendency to beliece the world is a fair place, so people get what they deserve and deserve what they get

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8
Q

Harold Kelley’s covariation model

A

people make attributions base on 3 factor that vary with behavior (consistency, distinctness, and conensus)

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9
Q

consistency

A

how similar one acts in similar situations

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10
Q

distinctiveness

A

how dfifferent the behavior is compared to other situations

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11
Q

consenses

A

how others have responded in the situation

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12
Q

internal attributions in kelley’s model have

A

high consistency, low distinctiveness, low consensus

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13
Q

attitude

A

feeling often influence by beliefs that predisposes us to act in a certain way

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14
Q

foot-in-the door phenomenon

A

tendency for people who have first agreed to a small requrest to later comply with a larger one

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15
Q

door-in=-the-face phenomenon

A

following up an outrageous request with a reasonable one

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16
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

theory that we act to reduce discomfort we feel when our thoughts are inconsistent with our other thoughts/actions - Leon Festinger

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17
Q

mere exposure effect

A

more one is exposed to something, more one will come to like it

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18
Q

persuasion central route

A

the main message causes lasting change in attitude of a motivated audience

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19
Q

persuasion peripheral route

A

outside clues that cause temporary change in attitude in an unmotivated audience

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20
Q

spotlight effect

A

tendency to think that other people are watching us more cllosely than they actually are

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21
Q

chameleon effect

A

unconsciously mimc other’s expressions, posture, tone of voice

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22
Q

types of social influence

A

conformity, obedience, compliance

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23
Q

conformity

A

adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

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24
Q

Solomon Asch

A

matching line test, people conformed about 1/3 of the time

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25
conformity increases when
one is made to feel incompetent, at least 3 people in the group, the group is unanimous, if one admires the group status
26
normative social influence
influence resulting from desire to gain approval or avoid rejection
27
informational social influence
influence resulting from willingness to accept others' opinions about reailtuy
28
obedience
change in behavior due to order or request from an authoratative figure - rectal ear ache
29
Stanley Milgram
teacher/student shock experiment, 65% of participants continued to 450V despite the student protesting
30
obedience highest when
authority figure is close by, study affiliated with prestige, victims are far away, no one else disobeyed
31
ethics in milgram's study
deemed as unethical (now) because he did not protect the participants from discomfort
32
compliance
change in behavior due to a direct request (not from an authority figure)
33
implicit compliance
ad for a product (requst not directly state but rather implied)
34
explicit compliance
asking for a favor
35
group influence
how presence of others affect one's behavior
36
social facilitation
improved performance in presence of others unless it is a new/difficult task (social impairment)
37
social loafing
tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when in a group versus when alone, especially when everyone share equal benefits
38
deindividuation
loss of self-awareness/restraint that occurs in group situations that creates arousal and anonymity
39
zimbardo's stanford prison experiment
showed power of the situation (role playing, attitudes followed actions, obedience) and deindividuation - another now unethical study
40
group polarization
tendency for groups to make decisions or have opinions that are more extreme than if members are acting alone
41
groupthink
desire for harmony and group consensus overrides realistic appraisal of alternatives in a decision-making group - creates a false sense of unanimity
42
antisocial relations
bad for society - prejudice, aggression
43
prejudice
invovled unfair or negative attitude towards a group and its members, usuallyt involves beliefs, emotions, and predisposition to act
44
stereotypes
generalized beliefs about a group of people, sometimes accurate but often over generalized
45
discrimination
unfair behavior toward a group and its members
46
Us vs. them mindset
ingroup is us, outgroup is ifferent from us
47
ingroup bias
tendency to favor one's ingroup
48
ethnocentrism
belief that one's culture is superior to others
49
outgroup homogeneity
all people of outgroup are the same
50
other-race effect
tendency to recall faces of one's own group more accurately than faces of other races
51
importance of categorization
suggests people cant help but form stereotypes
52
scapegoat theory
theory that prejudice often an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
53
aggression
behavior intended to jhurt someone physically or emotionally
54
frustration-aggression principle
idea that when our goals are blocked this causes frustration which leads to anger and aggression
55
prosocial relations
altruism, attraction
56
altruism
unselfish regard for walfare of others - Kitty Genovese
57
bystander effect
tendency for bystanders to be less likely to helop if others are present
58
which study tested the bystander effect
Darley and Latane smoke-filled room effect
59
decision making model
at each stage, presence of others makes one less likely to help (notice someething, interpret it as emergency, assume responsibility for helping)
60
diffusion of responsibility
more people present, less responsibilty per individual
61
more likely to help when
person appears to need it, person is similar, we observe someone ele helping, we are not rushing, we are in a good mood
62
social exchange theoruy
theory that social behavior is an exchange process - maximize benefits and minimize cost
63
reciprocity norm
expectation that people will help those who help them
64
social responsibility norm
expectation that people will help those who are dependent and in need of help
65
attraction
proximity - like people you are close to
66
physical attractiveness
halo effect - associate good looking people with other good traits
67
other component of attraction
similarity and reciprocity
68
conflict
perceived incompatability of actions, foals, or ideas
69
social trap
parties in conflict harm the collective well by pursuiong theor own self-interest
70
mirror-image perceptions
mtuual views often help by parties in conflict - they are evil and we are erthical and just retaliating
71
peace
contact and cooperation
72
superordinate goals
shared goals that override differences among people and require their mutual cooperation (sherif camp study)

A.P. Psychology (18 decks)

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