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A.P. Psychology > Social Psychology > Flashcards

Social Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

social psychology

A

examines how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

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2
Q

attributions theory

A

we explain others’ behavior by creditin the situation or person’s disposition

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3
Q

internal dispositional attributions

A

it’s the persons fault

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4
Q

external attributions

A

it was the situation

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5
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

tendency for observers to underestimate the impace of the situation and overestimate the impact of personal disposition when explaining another’s behavior

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6
Q

actor-observer bias

A

tendency to attribute our behavior to the situation and another’s behavior to disposition, unless we are explaining our successes

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7
Q

just-world phenomenon

A

tendency to beliece the world is a fair place, so people get what they deserve and deserve what they get

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8
Q

Harold Kelley’s covariation model

A

people make attributions base on 3 factor that vary with behavior (consistency, distinctness, and conensus)

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9
Q

consistency

A

how similar one acts in similar situations

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10
Q

distinctiveness

A

how dfifferent the behavior is compared to other situations

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11
Q

consenses

A

how others have responded in the situation

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12
Q

internal attributions in kelley’s model have

A

high consistency, low distinctiveness, low consensus

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13
Q

attitude

A

feeling often influence by beliefs that predisposes us to act in a certain way

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14
Q

foot-in-the door phenomenon

A

tendency for people who have first agreed to a small requrest to later comply with a larger one

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15
Q

door-in=-the-face phenomenon

A

following up an outrageous request with a reasonable one

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16
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

theory that we act to reduce discomfort we feel when our thoughts are inconsistent with our other thoughts/actions - Leon Festinger

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17
Q

mere exposure effect

A

more one is exposed to something, more one will come to like it

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18
Q

persuasion central route

A

the main message causes lasting change in attitude of a motivated audience

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19
Q

persuasion peripheral route

A

outside clues that cause temporary change in attitude in an unmotivated audience

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20
Q

spotlight effect

A

tendency to think that other people are watching us more cllosely than they actually are

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21
Q

chameleon effect

A

unconsciously mimc other’s expressions, posture, tone of voice

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22
Q

types of social influence

A

conformity, obedience, compliance

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23
Q

conformity

A

adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

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24
Q

Solomon Asch

A

matching line test, people conformed about 1/3 of the time

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25
Q

conformity increases when

A

one is made to feel incompetent, at least 3 people in the group, the group is unanimous, if one admires the group status

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26
Q

normative social influence

A

influence resulting from desire to gain approval or avoid rejection

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27
Q

informational social influence

A

influence resulting from willingness to accept others’ opinions about reailtuy

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28
Q

obedience

A

change in behavior due to order or request from an authoratative figure - rectal ear ache

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29
Q

Stanley Milgram

A

teacher/student shock experiment, 65% of participants continued to 450V despite the student protesting

30
Q

obedience highest when

A

authority figure is close by, study affiliated with prestige, victims are far away, no one else disobeyed

31
Q

ethics in milgram’s study

A

deemed as unethical (now) because he did not protect the participants from discomfort

32
Q

compliance

A

change in behavior due to a direct request (not from an authority figure)

33
Q

implicit compliance

A

ad for a product (requst not directly state but rather implied)

34
Q

explicit compliance

A

asking for a favor

35
Q

group influence

A

how presence of others affect one’s behavior

36
Q

social facilitation

A

improved performance in presence of others unless it is a new/difficult task (social impairment)

37
Q

social loafing

A

tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when in a group versus when alone, especially when everyone share equal benefits

38
Q

deindividuation

A

loss of self-awareness/restraint that occurs in group situations that creates arousal and anonymity

39
Q

zimbardo’s stanford prison experiment

A

showed power of the situation (role playing, attitudes followed actions, obedience) and deindividuation - another now unethical study

40
Q

group polarization

A

tendency for groups to make decisions or have opinions that are more extreme than if members are acting alone

41
Q

groupthink

A

desire for harmony and group consensus overrides realistic appraisal of alternatives in a decision-making group - creates a false sense of unanimity

42
Q

antisocial relations

A

bad for society - prejudice, aggression

43
Q

prejudice

A

invovled unfair or negative attitude towards a group and its members, usuallyt involves beliefs, emotions, and predisposition to act

44
Q

stereotypes

A

generalized beliefs about a group of people, sometimes accurate but often over generalized

45
Q

discrimination

A

unfair behavior toward a group and its members

46
Q

Us vs. them mindset

A

ingroup is us, outgroup is ifferent from us

47
Q

ingroup bias

A

tendency to favor one’s ingroup

48
Q

ethnocentrism

A

belief that one’s culture is superior to others

49
Q

outgroup homogeneity

A

all people of outgroup are the same

50
Q

other-race effect

A

tendency to recall faces of one’s own group more accurately than faces of other races

51
Q

importance of categorization

A

suggests people cant help but form stereotypes

52
Q

scapegoat theory

A

theory that prejudice often an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

53
Q

aggression

A

behavior intended to jhurt someone physically or emotionally

54
Q

frustration-aggression principle

A

idea that when our goals are blocked this causes frustration which leads to anger and aggression

55
Q

prosocial relations

A

altruism, attraction

56
Q

altruism

A

unselfish regard for walfare of others - Kitty Genovese

57
Q

bystander effect

A

tendency for bystanders to be less likely to helop if others are present

58
Q

which study tested the bystander effect

A

Darley and Latane smoke-filled room effect

59
Q

decision making model

A

at each stage, presence of others makes one less likely to help (notice someething, interpret it as emergency, assume responsibility for helping)

60
Q

diffusion of responsibility

A

more people present, less responsibilty per individual

61
Q

more likely to help when

A

person appears to need it, person is similar, we observe someone ele helping, we are not rushing, we are in a good mood

62
Q

social exchange theoruy

A

theory that social behavior is an exchange process - maximize benefits and minimize cost

63
Q

reciprocity norm

A

expectation that people will help those who help them

64
Q

social responsibility norm

A

expectation that people will help those who are dependent and in need of help

65
Q

attraction

A

proximity - like people you are close to

66
Q

physical attractiveness

A

halo effect - associate good looking people with other good traits

67
Q

other component of attraction

A

similarity and reciprocity

68
Q

conflict

A

perceived incompatability of actions, foals, or ideas

69
Q

social trap

A

parties in conflict harm the collective well by pursuiong theor own self-interest

70
Q

mirror-image perceptions

A

mtuual views often help by parties in conflict - they are evil and we are erthical and just retaliating

71
Q

peace

A

contact and cooperation

72
Q

superordinate goals

A

shared goals that override differences among people and require their mutual cooperation (sherif camp study)

A.P. Psychology (18 decks)

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