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A.P. Psychology > Sensory and Perception > Flashcards

Sensory and Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

sensation

A

stimulation of sense receptors and transmission of sensory info to CNS

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2
Q

perception

A

process of organizing/interpreting sensory infor to give us meaningful experiences

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3
Q

psychophysics

A

study of relationship between physical stimuli and psychological interpretation

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4
Q

bottom-up processing

A

sensory receptors - brain - perception

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5
Q

tup-down processing

A

experiences/expectations - perception

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6
Q

absolute threshold

A

minimum level of stimulation to detect a stimulus 50% of the time

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7
Q

subliminal messages

A

below absolute threshold for conscious awareness

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8
Q

subliminal stimuli can

A

prime associations

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9
Q

priming

A

activating certain associations which predisposes us to think or feel a certain way

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10
Q

difference threshold

A

minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time

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11
Q

Weber’s law

A

thw two stimuli must differ by a constant proportion, not a constant amount

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12
Q

signal detection theory

A

predicts how/when we detect a stimulus

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13
Q

sensory adaptation

A

diminished sensitivity due to constant stimulation

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14
Q

how much of cortex is devoted to vision

A

25%

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15
Q

visual capture

A

tendency for vision to dominate other senses - make world conform to what wew see

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16
Q

light energy

A

stimulus for vision

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17
Q

wavelength of light determines

A

color/hue

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18
Q

amplitude of light determines

A

intensity/brightness

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19
Q

cornea

A

transparent, outer, protective layer that begins to focus light

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20
Q

pupil

A

hole in the eye which light enters

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21
Q

iris

A

circular muscle membrane that regulates pupil size

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22
Q

lens

A

protects eye and helps focus light

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23
Q

retina

A

light-sensitive inner surface of eye that contains receptor rods and cones

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24
Q

fovea

A

central focal point in retina around which cones cluster

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25
Q

transduction

A

transferring of stimulus energies into neural impulses

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26
Q

rodss are sesnsitive to

A

low light

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27
Q

cones are sensitive to

A

color and detail; need light to work

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28
Q

bipolar cells

A

cone is direct to bipolar; rods - multiple

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29
Q

visual acuity

A

near sight / far sight

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30
Q

feature detectors

A

nerve cells in brain that respond to specific features of sensory information

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31
Q

parallel processing

A

proceses multiple aspects of visual scene at once

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32
Q

3 primary colors of light

A

red, green, blue - additive color mixture

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33
Q

trichromatic theory

A

retina has 3 different color receptors that can be stimulated in combinations fo produce perception of various colors

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34
Q

dichromat

A

has two functioning cone types

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35
Q

monochromat

A

has one functioning cone type

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36
Q

opponent-process theory

A

color vision made possible by opposing retinal processes- individual cells that process two colors in the ganglion and thalamic level

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37
Q

opposing retinal process pairss

A

red-green, yellow-blue, white-black

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38
Q

after-images

A

visual sensation that continues after original stimlus has been removed

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39
Q

stroop effect

A

word’s meaning interferes with processing of other infor about the word

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40
Q

grouping

A

perception tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

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41
Q

grouping depends on

A

closure, figure-ground-reversible-figure-ground, proximity, similarity, continuity, connectedness

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42
Q

depth perception

A

how far away things are

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43
Q

binocular cues

A

depend on two eyes; retinal disparity and convergence

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44
Q

retinal disparity

A

brain compares different images that each eye gets -greater the difference the closer the object

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45
Q

convergence

A

brain receives feedback from muscless around the eye; the more the eyes are turned inward the closer the object

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46
Q

monocular cues

A

depth cues from one eye

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47
Q

relative size

A

distant objects look smaller than nearby objects of same size

48
Q

linear perspective

A

parallel lines converge in the distance

49
Q

interposition

A

if one objedt blocks view of another object we perceive it as being closer

50
Q

relative clarity/atmospheric perspectivee

A

less detail seen in objects that are far away

51
Q

relative height

A

objects higher in visual field are perceived as farther away

52
Q

texture gradient

A

closer objects perceived as having rougher texture

53
Q

light and shadow

A

gives us info about 3D shape of object

54
Q

relative motion/motion parallax

A

when moving, near objects move quickly, farther objects move slowly or “with you”

55
Q

stroboscopic movement

A

when still images are flashing in rapid succession, we perceive motion

56
Q

phi phenomenon

A

when lights near one another blink on and off quickly the light appears to be moving

57
Q

perceptual constancy

A

perceiving object as remaining the same even if light/angle of view that hits receptors changes

58
Q

distal stimulus

A

energy emitted by or reflected from the object - does not change

59
Q

proximal stimulus

A

pattern of energy that falls o your receptors- can change

60
Q

shape constancy

A

perceive objects as being same shape even though image on retina varies as object rotates

61
Q

lightness constancy

A

perceive object as having constant lightness when illumination changes

62
Q

color constancy

A

perceive objet as having constant color when illumination changes

63
Q

size constancy

A

perceive objects as staying the same size even though the images on your retina variess as a function of distance

64
Q

perceptual set

A

mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

65
Q

perceptual adaptation

A

our ability to adapt to a different visual field

66
Q

audition

A

sound produced by changes in air pressure that our ears detect and process

67
Q

pitch

A

expressed in Hz - frequency of wave

human ear sensitive to 20-20,000Hz

68
Q

loudness

A

units measured in decibels - amplitude

69
Q

pinna

A

shaped to help funnel sound waves ito auditory canal

70
Q

tympanic membrane

A

vibrates in response to sound waves and helps transmit vibrations to middle ear

71
Q

ossicles

A

middle ear bones - hammer/malleus, anvil/incus, stirrup/stapes

72
Q

function of ossicles

A

conduct vibrations from ear drum to inner ear

73
Q

oval window

A

membrane on cochlea which receives vibrations from ossicles

74
Q

structure of cochlea

A

basilar membrane inside cochlear fluid

75
Q

vibrations of oval window cause

A

fluid to move, basilar membrane to ripple, and hair cells to bend

76
Q

hair cells

A

receptors for hearing on basilar membrane

77
Q

loudness determined by

A

number of hair cells activatred

78
Q

place theory

A

different sound waves triffer hair cell on different places on basilar membrnae - high frequency near oval window, low near end of cochlea

79
Q

place theory explains how

A

we hesense pitches higher than 4000 Hz

80
Q

frequency theory

A

rate of nerce impulses traveling up auditory nerve is ame as frequency of the sound wave

81
Q

frequency theory is better at detecting

A

frequencies between 20-1000 Hz

82
Q

volley principle

A

cells alternate firing in rapid succession to make combined frequency of 1000-4000 Hz

83
Q

conduction hearing loss

A

damage to eardrum or ossicles

84
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A

damage to hair cells or auditory nerve

85
Q

sound localization

A

determining where a sound is coming from based off of time lag betweeen waves hitting each ear

86
Q

sensory interaction

A

one sense can influence another

87
Q

McGurk effect

A

see someone mouth “ga” while hearing “ba” so perceive third syllable “da”

88
Q

skin senses

A

pressure, pain, temperature

89
Q

which skin sense has identifiable recepors

A

pressure

90
Q

pressure

A

something moves/deforms skin which triggers receptor cells

91
Q

temperature

A

temp change determines our perception - it is relative

92
Q

pain

A

unpleasant sensory and emotional experience that can result from tissue damage

93
Q

which two skin sense pathways overlap

A

tmperature and pain

94
Q

nocioreceptors

A

pain receptorss - no clear neural pathway

95
Q

gate control theory

A

spinal cord has neurological gate that either blocks pain signals or allows them to reach brain

96
Q

small nerve fibers

A

conduct pain signals - opens gate

97
Q

largee nerve fibers

A

conduct other snesory info - close gate by creating competing sensory info to block out pain

98
Q

pain control

A

endorphins, accupuncture, hypnosis

99
Q

pain is useful response because

A

it tells us that something is wrong

100
Q

gustation

A

teste

101
Q

6 receptors of taste

A

salty, sweet, bitter, sour, umami (savory), and oleogustus (fatty)

102
Q

flavor depends on

A

color, odor, texture, culture - more than just chemical

103
Q

taste buds located on

A

fungiform papilla - about 200 taste buds on each

104
Q

taste buds contain

A

taste cells (receptors)

105
Q

why is smell different from other senses

A

does not go through the thalamus, direct connection to the limbic system

106
Q

kinesthesis

A

sensing of position and movement of body parts

107
Q

brain receives kinesthesis info from

A

receptor cells in joints, tendons, and muscles

108
Q

kinesthesis interacts with

A

vision

109
Q

vestibular sense

A

sense of body position and balance - tells us how body is oriented

110
Q

semicircular canals

A

three fluid-filled structures

111
Q

vestibular sacs

A

contain fluid that moves - movement stimulates hair-like receptors

112
Q

vestibular senses work with

A

vision

113
Q

synesthesia

A

sensory input from one sense also causes a snesory experience in another

114
Q

extrasensory perception

A

telepathy, clairvoyance, precognition - perception without sensory input

115
Q

parapsychology

A

study of mental phenomena excluded from orthodox scientific psychology

A.P. Psychology (18 decks)

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