Sensory and Perception Flashcards
1
Q
sensation
A
stimulation of sense receptors and transmission of sensory info to CNS
2
Q
perception
A
process of organizing/interpreting sensory infor to give us meaningful experiences
3
Q
psychophysics
A
study of relationship between physical stimuli and psychological interpretation
4
Q
bottom-up processing
A
sensory receptors - brain - perception
5
Q
tup-down processing
A
experiences/expectations - perception
6
Q
absolute threshold
A
minimum level of stimulation to detect a stimulus 50% of the time
7
Q
subliminal messages
A
below absolute threshold for conscious awareness
8
Q
subliminal stimuli can
A
prime associations
9
Q
priming
A
activating certain associations which predisposes us to think or feel a certain way
10
Q
difference threshold
A
minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time
11
Q
Weber’s law
A
thw two stimuli must differ by a constant proportion, not a constant amount
12
Q
signal detection theory
A
predicts how/when we detect a stimulus
13
Q
sensory adaptation
A
diminished sensitivity due to constant stimulation
14
Q
how much of cortex is devoted to vision
A
25%
15
Q
visual capture
A
tendency for vision to dominate other senses - make world conform to what wew see
16
Q
light energy
A
stimulus for vision
17
Q
wavelength of light determines
A
color/hue
18
Q
amplitude of light determines
A
intensity/brightness
19
Q
cornea
A
transparent, outer, protective layer that begins to focus light
20
Q
pupil
A
hole in the eye which light enters
21
Q
iris
A
circular muscle membrane that regulates pupil size
22
Q
lens
A
protects eye and helps focus light
23
Q
retina
A
light-sensitive inner surface of eye that contains receptor rods and cones
24
Q
fovea
A
central focal point in retina around which cones cluster
25
transduction
transferring of stimulus energies into neural impulses
26
rodss are sesnsitive to
low light
27
cones are sensitive to
color and detail; need light to work
28
bipolar cells
cone is direct to bipolar; rods - multiple
29
visual acuity
near sight / far sight
30
feature detectors
nerve cells in brain that respond to specific features of sensory information
31
parallel processing
proceses multiple aspects of visual scene at once
32
3 primary colors of light
red, green, blue - additive color mixture
33
trichromatic theory
retina has 3 different color receptors that can be stimulated in combinations fo produce perception of various colors
34
dichromat
has two functioning cone types
35
monochromat
has one functioning cone type
36
opponent-process theory
color vision made possible by opposing retinal processes- individual cells that process two colors in the ganglion and thalamic level
37
opposing retinal process pairss
red-green, yellow-blue, white-black
38
after-images
visual sensation that continues after original stimlus has been removed
39
stroop effect
word's meaning interferes with processing of other infor about the word
40
grouping
perception tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups
41
grouping depends on
closure, figure-ground-reversible-figure-ground, proximity, similarity, continuity, connectedness
42
depth perception
how far away things are
43
binocular cues
depend on two eyes; retinal disparity and convergence
44
retinal disparity
brain compares different images that each eye gets -greater the difference the closer the object
45
convergence
brain receives feedback from muscless around the eye; the more the eyes are turned inward the closer the object
46
monocular cues
depth cues from one eye
47
relative size
distant objects look smaller than nearby objects of same size
48
linear perspective
parallel lines converge in the distance
49
interposition
if one objedt blocks view of another object we perceive it as being closer
50
relative clarity/atmospheric perspectivee
less detail seen in objects that are far away
51
relative height
objects higher in visual field are perceived as farther away
52
texture gradient
closer objects perceived as having rougher texture
53
light and shadow
gives us info about 3D shape of object
54
relative motion/motion parallax
when moving, near objects move quickly, farther objects move slowly or "with you"
55
stroboscopic movement
when still images are flashing in rapid succession, we perceive motion
56
phi phenomenon
when lights near one another blink on and off quickly the light appears to be moving
57
perceptual constancy
perceiving object as remaining the same even if light/angle of view that hits receptors changes
58
distal stimulus
energy emitted by or reflected from the object - does not change
59
proximal stimulus
pattern of energy that falls o your receptors- can change
60
shape constancy
perceive objects as being same shape even though image on retina varies as object rotates
61
lightness constancy
perceive object as having constant lightness when illumination changes
62
color constancy
perceive objet as having constant color when illumination changes
63
size constancy
perceive objects as staying the same size even though the images on your retina variess as a function of distance
64
perceptual set
mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another
65
perceptual adaptation
our ability to adapt to a different visual field
66
audition
sound produced by changes in air pressure that our ears detect and process
67
pitch
expressed in Hz - frequency of wave
| human ear sensitive to 20-20,000Hz
68
loudness
units measured in decibels - amplitude
69
pinna
shaped to help funnel sound waves ito auditory canal
70
tympanic membrane
vibrates in response to sound waves and helps transmit vibrations to middle ear
71
ossicles
middle ear bones - hammer/malleus, anvil/incus, stirrup/stapes
72
function of ossicles
conduct vibrations from ear drum to inner ear
73
oval window
membrane on cochlea which receives vibrations from ossicles
74
structure of cochlea
basilar membrane inside cochlear fluid
75
vibrations of oval window cause
fluid to move, basilar membrane to ripple, and hair cells to bend
76
hair cells
receptors for hearing on basilar membrane
77
loudness determined by
number of hair cells activatred
78
place theory
different sound waves triffer hair cell on different places on basilar membrnae - high frequency near oval window, low near end of cochlea
79
place theory explains how
we hesense pitches higher than 4000 Hz
80
frequency theory
rate of nerce impulses traveling up auditory nerve is ame as frequency of the sound wave
81
frequency theory is better at detecting
frequencies between 20-1000 Hz
82
volley principle
cells alternate firing in rapid succession to make combined frequency of 1000-4000 Hz
83
conduction hearing loss
damage to eardrum or ossicles
84
sensorineural hearing loss
damage to hair cells or auditory nerve
85
sound localization
determining where a sound is coming from based off of time lag betweeen waves hitting each ear
86
sensory interaction
one sense can influence another
87
McGurk effect
see someone mouth "ga" while hearing "ba" so perceive third syllable "da"
88
skin senses
pressure, pain, temperature
89
which skin sense has identifiable recepors
pressure
90
pressure
something moves/deforms skin which triggers receptor cells
91
temperature
temp change determines our perception - it is relative
92
pain
unpleasant sensory and emotional experience that can result from tissue damage
93
which two skin sense pathways overlap
tmperature and pain
94
nocioreceptors
pain receptorss - no clear neural pathway
95
gate control theory
spinal cord has neurological gate that either blocks pain signals or allows them to reach brain
96
small nerve fibers
conduct pain signals - opens gate
97
largee nerve fibers
conduct other snesory info - close gate by creating competing sensory info to block out pain
98
pain control
endorphins, accupuncture, hypnosis
99
pain is useful response because
it tells us that something is wrong
100
gustation
teste
101
6 receptors of taste
salty, sweet, bitter, sour, umami (savory), and oleogustus (fatty)
102
flavor depends on
color, odor, texture, culture - more than just chemical
103
taste buds located on
fungiform papilla - about 200 taste buds on each
104
taste buds contain
taste cells (receptors)
105
why is smell different from other senses
does not go through the thalamus, direct connection to the limbic system
106
kinesthesis
sensing of position and movement of body parts
107
brain receives kinesthesis info from
receptor cells in joints, tendons, and muscles
108
kinesthesis interacts with
vision
109
vestibular sense
sense of body position and balance - tells us how body is oriented
110
semicircular canals
three fluid-filled structures
111
vestibular sacs
contain fluid that moves - movement stimulates hair-like receptors
112
vestibular senses work with
vision
113
synesthesia
sensory input from one sense also causes a snesory experience in another
114
extrasensory perception
telepathy, clairvoyance, precognition - perception without sensory input
115
parapsychology
study of mental phenomena excluded from orthodox scientific psychology
