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A.P. Psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

memory

A

retention of info over time through process of encoding, storage, and retrieval

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2
Q

encoding

A

getting info into the memory system

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3
Q

storage

A

maintenance of encoded info over time

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4
Q

retrieval

A

getting info out of storage

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5
Q

visual encoding

A

encoding of images

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6
Q

example of visual encoding

A

method of loci

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7
Q

method of loci

A

associating new things with familiar locations (memory palace)

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8
Q

acoustic encoding

A

encoding of sound

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9
Q

semantic encoding

A

encoding of meaning

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10
Q

automatic processing

A

unconscious encoding of incidental info (space, time)

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11
Q

effortful processing

A

encoding requires attention and conscious effort

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12
Q

rehearsal

A

conscious repetition of info (effortful processing)

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13
Q

ebbinghaus and rehearsal

A

more time her rehearsed on day one, less time it took to relearn on day two

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14
Q

maintenance rehearsal

A

rehearse to store info in memory

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15
Q

elaborative rehearsal

A

make connection between new info and what you already know

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16
Q

spacing effect

A

we remember info better when rehearsal is distributed over period of time

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17
Q

levels of processing

A

shallow and deep

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18
Q

sensory memory

A

initial brief recording of sensory info

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19
Q

two types of sensory memory

A

iconic and echoic

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20
Q

iconic memory

A

brief sensory memory of visual stimuli

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21
Q

what did george sperling’s experiment prove about iconic memory

A

it is very brief, but also very detailed

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22
Q

echoic memory

A

brief sensory memory of auditory stimuli (3-4 seconds)

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23
Q

short term memory

A

hold a limited amount of items for a brief period of time

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24
Q

capacity of STM

A

7 plus or minus 2, for 2-30 seconds

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25
chunking
organizing items into familiar manageeable units
26
interference
can hold info in STM unless new info comes in
27
long term memory
relatively permanent and limitless storage of info
28
parts of LTM
explicit and implicit
29
explicit memory (declarative)
memory of facts and experiences
30
types of explicit memory
semantic and episodic
31
semantic memory
knowledge of facts, word meanings
32
episodic memory
knowledge of events and personal experiences
33
hippocampus
involved in memory consolidation
34
memory consolidation
neural storage of a long term memory
35
amnesia
memory loss
36
retrograde amnesia
inability to retrieve info from past
37
anterograde amnesia
inability to form new memories (HM, Jimmie)
38
implicit memory (nondeclarative)
retention of learned skills or procedures and classical conditioned associations
39
parts of brain involved with implicit memories
cerebellum and basal ganglia (for muscle memory)
40
long term potentiation (LTP)
an increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation - neural basis for learning and memory
41
stress and memory
stress can cause release of hormones which help make lasting memory
42
flashbulb memories
clear memory of an emotionally significant event
43
what brain structure if involved with flashbulb memory
amygdala
44
recall
reproducing info previously learned
45
serial position effect
tendency to recall first and last items in a list best
46
primacy effect
best recall for items at beginning of list
47
recency effect
best recall for items at end of list
48
recognition memory
identify previously learned information
49
testing effect
enhanced memory after retrieving rather than just rehearsing or rereading
50
retrieval cues
bits of info that can lead us to target info
51
prospective memory
remembering to perform a planned action of intention at the appropriate time
52
hierarchies
how info is connected - serves as retrieval cue
53
context effects
remember info better when back in the situation in which you learned it
54
state dependent memory
info we learn in a particular physiological or emotional state is best recalled when we are back in that state
55
mood congruent memory
recall memories that match current mood
56
atkinson and shiffrin model of memory
sensory input - sensory memory - attention - STM - storage - LTM
57
baddeley model of memory
working memory - conscious processing of new info and info from LTM visual info, episodic memory, and auditory info work separately to contribute to integrated info
58
highly superior autobiographical memory (HSAM)
aility to accurately recall events and personal experiences including days/dates on which they occured
59
eidetic memory
ability to maintain exact detailed visual memories over long period of time; more common in children - perhaps associated with language
60
next-in-line effect
encoding failure due to other thoughts
61
storage decay
ebbinghaus-forgetting curve: forgetting is initially rapid, but it levels off
62
retrieval failure
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon: temporary, inability to retrieve info
63
proactive interference
old info disrupts recall of new info
64
retroactive interference
new info disrupts recall of old info
65
memories are reconstructed each time they are recalled,meaning
memories are vulnerable to distrotion
66
reconsolidation
store "new" altered memory
67
misinformation effect
misleading info becomes incorporated into memory of event
68
experiment with misonformation effect
loftus car crash experiment - show two groups same video of car crash, ask one group using word "smash" the other group "hit" - "smash" reported faster speeds
69
source amnesia
attributing an event experienced, heard about, or read about to the wrong source
70
false memories - loftus shopping mall experiment
asked students "do you remember..." with real experiences and one fake one - they reported remembering the fake experience and created a false memory from the question
71
imagination
kids are very susceptible to false memories

A.P. Psychology (18 decks)

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