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A.P. Psychology > Module 5: Neural and Hormonal Systems > Flashcards

Module 5: Neural and Hormonal Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Franz Gall

A

proposed phrenology

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2
Q

phrenology

A

study of bumps on skull and relationship to mental abilities and character traits

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3
Q

phrenology yielded the idea of

A

localization of function

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4
Q

biological perspective

A

concerned with link between biology and behavior

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5
Q

neuron

A

nerve cell

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6
Q

dendrite

A

receives messages

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7
Q

axon

A

sends messages

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8
Q

terminal branches

A

ends of axon which sends message to dendrites of another neuron

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9
Q

myelin sheath

A

fatty tissue that insulates, protects, and speeds up transmission

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10
Q

spaces between myelin on which message travels

A

nodes of ranvier

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11
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

loss of function due to deterioration of myelin

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12
Q

glial cells

A

support, nourish, and protect neurons

play role in learning, thinking, memory

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13
Q

neurocommunication is what type of process

A

electrochemical

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14
Q

action potential

A

electrical charge that travels down an axon

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15
Q

conditions of axon at rest

A

Na outside, K inside

more negative inside

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16
Q

resting potential inside the axon

A

-70mV

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17
Q

depolarization

A

when Na rushes into axon, making the inside less negative

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18
Q

threshhold

A

level of stimulation required to trigger action potential (-55mV)

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19
Q

refractory period

A

when neuron cannot fire

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20
Q

Na/K pumps

A

return Na and K back to resting positions

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21
Q

all-or-none response

A

excitatory signals must exceed inhibitory signals to minimal intensity to trigger action potential

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22
Q

synapse

A

joining of axon of one neuron to dendrites of another

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23
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals released by vesicles in axon that travel across the synaptic cleft to allow neurons to communicate

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24
Q

what happens to excess neurotransmitters

A

broken down by enzymes, drift away, reuptake

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25
reuptake
reabsorbed by sending neuron
26
agonist drug
amplify effect of neurotransmitter | can bind to receptor site and act as NT, block reuptake, or facilitate release of NT
27
antagonist drug
blocks effect of neurotransmitter | inhibit release of NT or occupies receptor site to block NT from binding
28
acetylcholine (ACh)
usually excitatory | muscle contraction, learning, memory, sleep
29
ACh present at every
neuromuscular junction
30
deficiency of ACh linked to
Alzheimer's
31
black widow spider venom acts as _____ to ACh
agonist (floods synapse with ACh)
32
antagonists for ACh
botulin, curare
33
dopamine
both excitatory and inhibitory | volunntary movement, learning, emotional arousal
34
dopamine pathway is also the
reward pathway
35
deficiency of dopamine linked to
Parkinson's disease
36
excess of dopamine linked to
schizophrenia
37
cocaine acts as _____ to dopamine
agonist, prevents reuptake
38
serotonin
usually inhibitory | emotional arousal, mood, sleep, appetite
39
deficiency of serotonin linked to
depression, eating disorders
40
antagonist of serotonin
LSD
41
SSRI
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for depression
42
cocaine acts as _____ to serotonin
agonist, blocks reuptake
43
norepinephrine
usually excitatory | arousal, learning, eating, mood; speeds up bodily processes
44
imbalances in norepinephrine linked to
mood disorders
45
agonists of norepinephrine
cocaine, amphetamines
46
Gamma-aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
major inhibitory NT
47
deficiency in GABA linked to
seizures, tremors, insomnia
48
agonist of GABA
alcohol
49
glutamate
major excitatory NT involved in memory and learning
50
excess glutamate linked to
migraines, seizures
51
Pert and Snyder
traced radioactive morphine to receptors linked with moos and sensations
52
endogenous morphine (endorphines)
neurotransmitters linked to pain control/pleasure
53
agonists of endorphines
morphine, heroine
54
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
55
peripheral nervous system
nerves
56
PNS divided into
somatic and autonomic
57
somatic nervous system
controls voluntary muscle movement
58
autonomic nervous system
controls involuntary muscles movement and glands
59
autonomic nervous system divided into
sympathetic and parasympathetic
60
sympathetic nervous system
arousal, stress; fight or flight
61
parasympathetic
calms; rest and digest
62
sensory neurons
carry messages from body to brain (afferent)
63
motor neurons
carry instructions from brain to body (efferent)
64
interneurons
processes info between sensory and motor neurons
65
neural networks
cluster of brain neurons
66
neurons that fire together
wire together
67
neurogenesis
production of new neurons
68
reflex
automatic response to stimuli
69
endocrine system
secretes hormones into bloodstream
70
pituitary gland
controlled by hypothalamus, controls other glands
71
pituitary gland produces
growth hormone, oxytocin
72
adrenal glands
fight or flight response by sympathetic nervous system

A.P. Psychology (18 decks)

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