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A.P. Psychology > Module 5: Neural and Hormonal Systems > Flashcards

Module 5: Neural and Hormonal Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

Franz Gall

A

proposed phrenology

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2
Q

phrenology

A

study of bumps on skull and relationship to mental abilities and character traits

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3
Q

phrenology yielded the idea of

A

localization of function

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4
Q

biological perspective

A

concerned with link between biology and behavior

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5
Q

neuron

A

nerve cell

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6
Q

dendrite

A

receives messages

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7
Q

axon

A

sends messages

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8
Q

terminal branches

A

ends of axon which sends message to dendrites of another neuron

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9
Q

myelin sheath

A

fatty tissue that insulates, protects, and speeds up transmission

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10
Q

spaces between myelin on which message travels

A

nodes of ranvier

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11
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

loss of function due to deterioration of myelin

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12
Q

glial cells

A

support, nourish, and protect neurons

play role in learning, thinking, memory

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13
Q

neurocommunication is what type of process

A

electrochemical

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14
Q

action potential

A

electrical charge that travels down an axon

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15
Q

conditions of axon at rest

A

Na outside, K inside

more negative inside

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16
Q

resting potential inside the axon

A

-70mV

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17
Q

depolarization

A

when Na rushes into axon, making the inside less negative

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18
Q

threshhold

A

level of stimulation required to trigger action potential (-55mV)

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19
Q

refractory period

A

when neuron cannot fire

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20
Q

Na/K pumps

A

return Na and K back to resting positions

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21
Q

all-or-none response

A

excitatory signals must exceed inhibitory signals to minimal intensity to trigger action potential

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22
Q

synapse

A

joining of axon of one neuron to dendrites of another

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23
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals released by vesicles in axon that travel across the synaptic cleft to allow neurons to communicate

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24
Q

what happens to excess neurotransmitters

A

broken down by enzymes, drift away, reuptake

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25
Q

reuptake

A

reabsorbed by sending neuron

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26
Q

agonist drug

A

amplify effect of neurotransmitter

can bind to receptor site and act as NT, block reuptake, or facilitate release of NT

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27
Q

antagonist drug

A

blocks effect of neurotransmitter

inhibit release of NT or occupies receptor site to block NT from binding

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28
Q

acetylcholine (ACh)

A

usually excitatory

muscle contraction, learning, memory, sleep

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29
Q

ACh present at every

A

neuromuscular junction

30
Q

deficiency of ACh linked to

A

Alzheimer’s

31
Q

black widow spider venom acts as _____ to ACh

A

agonist (floods synapse with ACh)

32
Q

antagonists for ACh

A

botulin, curare

33
Q

dopamine

A

both excitatory and inhibitory

volunntary movement, learning, emotional arousal

34
Q

dopamine pathway is also the

A

reward pathway

35
Q

deficiency of dopamine linked to

A

Parkinson’s disease

36
Q

excess of dopamine linked to

A

schizophrenia

37
Q

cocaine acts as _____ to dopamine

A

agonist, prevents reuptake

38
Q

serotonin

A

usually inhibitory

emotional arousal, mood, sleep, appetite

39
Q

deficiency of serotonin linked to

A

depression, eating disorders

40
Q

antagonist of serotonin

A

LSD

41
Q

SSRI

A

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for depression

42
Q

cocaine acts as _____ to serotonin

A

agonist, blocks reuptake

43
Q

norepinephrine

A

usually excitatory

arousal, learning, eating, mood; speeds up bodily processes

44
Q

imbalances in norepinephrine linked to

A

mood disorders

45
Q

agonists of norepinephrine

A

cocaine, amphetamines

46
Q

Gamma-aminobutyric Acid (GABA)

A

major inhibitory NT

47
Q

deficiency in GABA linked to

A

seizures, tremors, insomnia

48
Q

agonist of GABA

A

alcohol

49
Q

glutamate

A

major excitatory NT involved in memory and learning

50
Q

excess glutamate linked to

A

migraines, seizures

51
Q

Pert and Snyder

A

traced radioactive morphine to receptors linked with moos and sensations

52
Q

endogenous morphine (endorphines)

A

neurotransmitters linked to pain control/pleasure

53
Q

agonists of endorphines

A

morphine, heroine

54
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

55
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

nerves

56
Q

PNS divided into

A

somatic and autonomic

57
Q

somatic nervous system

A

controls voluntary muscle movement

58
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

controls involuntary muscles movement and glands

59
Q

autonomic nervous system divided into

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

60
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

arousal, stress; fight or flight

61
Q

parasympathetic

A

calms; rest and digest

62
Q

sensory neurons

A

carry messages from body to brain (afferent)

63
Q

motor neurons

A

carry instructions from brain to body (efferent)

64
Q

interneurons

A

processes info between sensory and motor neurons

65
Q

neural networks

A

cluster of brain neurons

66
Q

neurons that fire together

A

wire together

67
Q

neurogenesis

A

production of new neurons

68
Q

reflex

A

automatic response to stimuli

69
Q

endocrine system

A

secretes hormones into bloodstream

70
Q

pituitary gland

A

controlled by hypothalamus, controls other glands

71
Q

pituitary gland produces

A

growth hormone, oxytocin

72
Q

adrenal glands

A

fight or flight response by sympathetic nervous system

A.P. Psychology (18 decks)

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