Thinking and Memory Flashcards
a type of behavior that uses ideas or
symbols as “inner representations” of things or events
thinking
covert behavior as it is not observable, and cannot be seen or heard by others
thinking
2 major categories of thinking
- associative thinking
- directed thinking
includes indirected and uncontrolled thinking
associative thinking
thinking oriented towards a goal
directed thinking
4 kinds of associative thinking
- autistic thinking
- nightdreaming
- imagination
- eidetic imagery
5 kinds of directed thinking
- critical thinking
- creative thinking
- brainstorming
- reasoning
- problem solving
extent to which original and previous learned information still persists
memory
ability to retain information;
involves the storage of learned items and information that are retrieved for future use
memory
processes of memory
- encoding or acquisition
- storage
- retrieval
Involves getting the remembered information out of storage.
retrieval
holding the memory of encoded information for future use
storage
classifying information to be ready for storage
encoding or acquisition
3 types of memory:
- sensory memory
- short-term memory
- long-term memory
Information that comes through our senses
sensory memory
working memory and our active memory
short-term memory
Memory that remains for the rest of our lives
long-term memory
how long does these 3 types of memory persist?
- sensory: 7 secs
- stm: 20 secs
- ltm: for the rest of our lives
3 types of long-term memory
- semantic memory
- procedural memory
- episodic memory
Memory that remains for the rest of our lives
remembering
4 types of remembering
- redintegration
- recall
- recognition
- relearning
Simple revival of past experience without cue;
may involve motor or verbal skills.
recall
Involves more rapid learning than before on the basis of some retention from earlier learning
relearning
Reestablishes an earlier experience on the basis of partial cues;
May not be detailed or complete
redintegration
Involves recognizing someone or something familiar (sense of familiarity)
recognition
inability to retrieve, recall, or recognize information that was stored or is still stored in the long-term memory
forgetting
inability to retrieve, recall, or recognize information that was stored or is still stored in the long-term memory
forgetting
inability to retrieve, recall, or recognize information that was stored or is still stored in the long-term memory
forgetting
inability to retrieve, recall, or recognize information that was stored or is still stored in the long-term memory
forgetting
inability to retrieve, recall, or recognize information that was stored or is still stored in the long-term memory
forgetting
inability to retrieve, recall, or recognize information that was stored or is still stored in the long-term memory
forgetting
theories of forgetting
- interference theory
- trace decay theory
- retrieval based forgetting
- storage based forgetting
- motivated forgetting
kinds of interference theory
- Proactive Interference
- Retroactive Interference
Retroactive or proactive inhibition;
The retrieval and recall of memory could be interrupted by previous knowledge and new information (conflict among information)
interference theory
occurs when new information (learned later) blocks or disrupts the retrieval of related old information (learned earlier)
retroactive interference
occurs when old information (learned earlier) blocks or disrupts the remembering of related new information (learned later)
proactive interference
occurs as a result of the automatic decay or fading of the memory trace
trace decay theory
forgetting takes place through the _______
passage or lapse of time
Forgetting of information occurs when an individual fails to retrieve information from their memory
retrieval based forgetting
2 main reasons for failure in memory retrieval:
- failure in encoding due to which the information never made it to the long-term memory in the first place
- due to the distortion of learned information in the long-term memory
attributes forgetting to motivational
factors, including amnesia
motivated forgetting
motivated forgetting is ________ blocking
purposive
complete forgetting of one’s personal past and to repression
amnesia
types of amnesia
- organic amnesia
- dissociative amnesia
- psychogenic amnesia
Lose both personal identity as well as general knowledge
organic amnesia
Loss of identity but general knowledge is still intact
psychogenic amnesia
condition in which a person cannot remember important information about their life
dissociative amnesia
primary symptom of organic amnesia
anterogade amnesia
amnesia wherein memory gradually returns
organic amnesia
______ amnesia hardly never returns
organic amnesia
2 main types of psychogenic amnesia
- Global amnesia (fugue state)
- Situation- specific amnesia (part of PTSD)
2 main types of psychogenic amnesia
- Global amnesia (fugue state)
- Situation- specific amnesia (part of PTSD)
2 main types of psychogenic amnesia
- Global amnesia (fugue state)
- Situation- specific amnesia (part of PTSD)
2 types of dream content according to psychoanalysis
- latent
- manifest
hidden content ; requires the use of dream interpretation technique
latent
content as it occurs to the dreamer
manifest
steps in the germination of original and inventive ideas
- preparation
- incubation
- illumination
- verification
a new idea originating in an exciting moment of insight
brain storm
3 forms of reasoning
- inducting reasoning
- deductive reasoning
- syllogistic reasoning
general to specific
deductive reasoning
two premises: major & minor, and a conclusion
syllogistic reasoning
specific to general
inductive reasoning
types of problem solving
- trial and error
- algorithm
- heuristics
information we are presently using
short term memory
semantic memory involves ______ model of our environment
mental
this type of memory is the simple and basic form of long-term memory
procedural memory
this type of memory is the unique memory about specific event or a person
episodic memory
redintegration may not be ______ or _____
- detailed
- complete
recall may involve ___ or _____ skills
motor or verbal
what causes fading or decay of the memory traces in the brain?
metabolic processes of the brain
‘cue-dependent forgetting’ means?
there is a failure in encoding due to which the information never made it to the long-term memory
cause of organic amnesia
various types of brain damage
cause of psychogenic amnesia
traumatic or extremely stressful events
