Thinking and Memory

Question 1

a type of behavior that uses ideas or
symbols as “inner representations” of things or events

Answer 1

thinking

Question 2

covert behavior as it is not observable, and cannot be seen or heard by others

Answer 2

thinking

Question 3

2 major categories of thinking

Answer 3

• associative thinking
• directed thinking

Question 4

includes indirected and uncontrolled thinking

Answer 4

associative thinking

Question 5

thinking oriented towards a goal

Answer 5

directed thinking

Question 6

4 kinds of associative thinking

Answer 6

• autistic thinking
• nightdreaming
• imagination
• eidetic imagery

Question 7

5 kinds of directed thinking

Answer 7

• critical thinking
• creative thinking
• brainstorming
• reasoning
• problem solving

Question 8

extent to which original and previous learned information still persists

Answer 8

memory

Question 9

ability to retain information;

involves the storage of learned items and information that are retrieved for future use

Answer 9

memory

Question 10

processes of memory

Answer 10

• encoding or acquisition
• storage
• retrieval

Question 11

Involves getting the remembered information out of storage.

Answer 11

retrieval

Question 12

holding the memory of encoded information for future use

Answer 12

storage

Question 13

classifying information to be ready for storage

Answer 13

encoding or acquisition

Question 14

3 types of memory:

Answer 14

• sensory memory
• short-term memory
• long-term memory

Question 15

Information that comes through our senses

Answer 15

sensory memory

Question 16

working memory and our active memory

Answer 16

short-term memory

Question 17

Memory that remains for the rest of our lives

Answer 17

long-term memory

Question 18

how long does these 3 types of memory persist?

Answer 18

• sensory: 7 secs
• stm: 20 secs
• ltm: for the rest of our lives

Question 19

3 types of long-term memory

Answer 19

• semantic memory
• procedural memory
• episodic memory

Question 20

Memory that remains for the rest of our lives

Answer 20

remembering

Question 21

4 types of remembering

Answer 21

• redintegration
• recall
• recognition
• relearning

Question 22

Simple revival of past experience without cue;

may involve motor or verbal skills.

Answer 22

recall

Question 23

Involves more rapid learning than before on the basis of some retention from earlier learning

Answer 23

relearning

Question 24

Reestablishes an earlier experience on the basis of partial cues;

May not be detailed or complete

Answer 24

redintegration

Question 25

Involves recognizing someone or something familiar (sense of familiarity)

Answer 25

recognition

Question 26

inability to retrieve, recall, or recognize information that was stored or is still stored in the long-term memory

Answer 26

forgetting

Question 26

inability to retrieve, recall, or recognize information that was stored or is still stored in the long-term memory

Answer 26

forgetting

Question 26

inability to retrieve, recall, or recognize information that was stored or is still stored in the long-term memory

Answer 26

forgetting

Question 26

inability to retrieve, recall, or recognize information that was stored or is still stored in the long-term memory

Answer 26

forgetting

Question 26

inability to retrieve, recall, or recognize information that was stored or is still stored in the long-term memory

Answer 26

forgetting

Question 27

inability to retrieve, recall, or recognize information that was stored or is still stored in the long-term memory

Answer 27

forgetting

Question 28

theories of forgetting

Answer 28

• interference theory
• trace decay theory
• retrieval based forgetting
• storage based forgetting
• motivated forgetting

Question 29

kinds of interference theory

Answer 29

• Proactive Interference
• Retroactive Interference

Question 30

Retroactive or proactive inhibition;

The retrieval and recall of memory could be interrupted by previous knowledge and new information (conflict among information)

Answer 30

interference theory

Question 31

occurs when new information (learned later) blocks or disrupts the retrieval of related old information (learned earlier)

Answer 31

retroactive interference

Question 32

occurs when old information (learned earlier) blocks or disrupts the remembering of related new information (learned later)

Answer 32

proactive interference

Question 33

occurs as a result of the automatic decay or fading of the memory trace

Answer 33

trace decay theory

Question 34

forgetting takes place through the _______

Answer 34

passage or lapse of time

Question 35

Forgetting of information occurs when an individual fails to retrieve information from their memory

Answer 35

retrieval based forgetting

Question 36

2 main reasons for failure in memory retrieval:

Answer 36

1. failure in encoding due to which the information never made it to the long-term memory in the first place
2. due to the distortion of learned information in the long-term memory

Question 37

attributes forgetting to motivational
factors, including amnesia

Answer 37

motivated forgetting

Question 38

motivated forgetting is ________ blocking

Answer 38

purposive

Question 39

complete forgetting of one’s personal past and to repression

Answer 39

amnesia

Question 40

types of amnesia

Answer 40

• organic amnesia
• dissociative amnesia
• psychogenic amnesia

Question 41

Lose both personal identity as well as general knowledge

Answer 41

organic amnesia

Question 42

Loss of identity but general knowledge is still intact

Answer 42

psychogenic amnesia

Question 43

condition in which a person cannot remember important information about their life

Answer 43

dissociative amnesia

Question 44

primary symptom of organic amnesia

Answer 44

anterogade amnesia

Question 45

amnesia wherein memory gradually returns

Answer 45

organic amnesia

Question 46

______ amnesia hardly never returns

Answer 46

organic amnesia

Question 47

2 main types of psychogenic amnesia

Answer 47

1. Global amnesia (fugue state)
2. Situation- specific amnesia (part of PTSD)

Question 47

2 main types of psychogenic amnesia

Answer 47

1. Global amnesia (fugue state)
2. Situation- specific amnesia (part of PTSD)

Question 48

2 main types of psychogenic amnesia

Answer 48

1. Global amnesia (fugue state)
2. Situation- specific amnesia (part of PTSD)

Question 49

2 types of dream content according to psychoanalysis

Answer 49

• latent
• manifest

Question 50

hidden content ; requires the use of dream interpretation technique

Answer 50

latent

Question 51

content as it occurs to the dreamer

Answer 51

manifest

Question 52

steps in the germination of original and inventive ideas

Answer 52

• preparation
• incubation
• illumination
• verification

Question 53

a new idea originating in an exciting moment of insight

Answer 53

brain storm

Question 54

3 forms of reasoning

Answer 54

• inducting reasoning
• deductive reasoning
• syllogistic reasoning

Question 55

general to specific

Answer 55

deductive reasoning

Question 56

two premises: major & minor, and a conclusion

Answer 56

syllogistic reasoning

Question 57

specific to general

Answer 57

inductive reasoning

Question 58

types of problem solving

Answer 58

• trial and error
• algorithm
• heuristics

Question 59

information we are presently using

Answer 59

short term memory

Question 60

semantic memory involves ______ model of our environment

Answer 60

mental

Question 61

this type of memory is the simple and basic form of long-term memory

Answer 61

procedural memory

Question 62

this type of memory is the unique memory about specific event or a person

Answer 62

episodic memory

Question 63

redintegration may not be ______ or _____

Answer 63

• detailed
• complete

Question 64

recall may involve ___ or _____ skills

Answer 64

motor or verbal

Question 65

what causes fading or decay of the memory traces in the brain?

Answer 65

metabolic processes of the brain

Question 66

‘cue-dependent forgetting’ means?

Answer 66

there is a failure in encoding due to which the information never made it to the long-term memory

Question 67

cause of organic amnesia

Answer 67

various types of brain damage

Question 68

cause of psychogenic amnesia

Answer 68

traumatic or extremely stressful events