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PSYC 201 > Learning Processes > Flashcards

Learning Processes Flashcards

1
Q

Learning is a more or less permanent modification of behavior which results from activity, special training, and observation

[learning in the objective of?]

A

Norman L. Munn

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2
Q

Learning is a concept describing changes in behavior, which results from reinforced practice

A

David C. Edwards

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3
Q

Learning is a relatively permanent change of behavior as the result of a practice

A

Ernest R. Hilgard and R. Atkinson

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4
Q

3 common concepts to the definitions of learning

A
  1. practice or past experiences
  2. changes in behavior which are relatively permanent
  3. the concept of reinforcement
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5
Q

general definition of learning

A

Learning is a process which brings relatively permanent change in the individual’s way of responding or behavior as a result of practice and experience.

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6
Q

3 factors of learning processes

A
  1. teachers
  2. students
  3. learning environment
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7
Q

7 steps in the learning process

A
  1. Motivation
  2. Goal
  3. Readiness
  4. Obstacle
  5. Responses
  6. Reinforcement
  7. Generalization
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8
Q

barrier that blocks our goals, in which its presence allows an individual to learn new modes of adjustments

A

obstacle

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9
Q

obstacles may be:

A
  • Social
  • Nonsocial
  • Personal
  • Internal
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10
Q

The application of what one has learned into an integrated response.

A

generalization

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11
Q

Behavior being purposive, is oriented towards a goal.

A

goal

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12
Q

this depends on training, experience, and heredity

A

readiness

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13
Q

3 factors that affects readiness

A
  • Physiological Factors
  • Psychological Factors
  • Experiential Factors
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14
Q

Response to any particular stimulus will be directly proportional to the relative strength of his motive to reduce his tension associated with the unsatisfied need.

A

Motivation

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15
Q

Varied according to one’s interpretation of the situation

A

responses

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16
Q

2 categories of responses

A
  • Direct Attack
  • Manner of circumventing or
    “going around the bush”
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17
Q

The strengthening of response by adding an increment of habit strength

A

reinforcement

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18
Q

responses are reinforced if they ____

A

satisfy one’s needs

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19
Q

2 major classification of learning and its types

A

● Associative learning
● Cognitive Learning

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20
Q

method or process wherein the learner associates a certain response to an object or a stimulus resulting in a positive or negative outcome. It links ideas to continually reinforce one another.

A

associative learning

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21
Q

4 types of associative learning

A
  • Classical Conditioning (stimulus
    substitution)
  • Operant Conditioning
  • Escape and Avoidance Learning
  • Multiple-response Learning
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22
Q

in associative learning, behavior is learned through ______

A

habit formation

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23
Q

type of passive learning with the method of substituting another stimulus for an original one to elicit a response

A

classical conditioning

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24
Q

type of active learning where the organisms must “operate on” or do something to the environment in order to produce a result

A

operant conditioning

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25
Q

Uses negative rather than positive types of reinforcement

A

escape and avoidance learning

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26
Q

this learning is the simplest form

A

classical conditioning

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27
Q

to get away from or to eliminate an unpleasant situation.

A

escape learning

28
Q

learning to avoid or prevent an unpleasant situation before its occurrence

A

avoidance learning

29
Q

learning involving more than one identifiable act, with the order of events usually fixed by the demands of the situation

A

multiple-response learning

30
Q

in multiple-response learning, the learner should acquire ____ in mastering a task

A

patterns or sequences of responses

31
Q

learning which involves perception and knowledge—cognitive processes necessary in order to learn with understanding.

A

cognitive learning

32
Q

4 types of cognitive learning

A
  • Perceptual learning
  • Sign Learning
  • Programmed Learning
  • Social Cognitive Learning
33
Q

“a solution to a problem suddenly appears, resulting in a change in perception wherein the learner comes to know something about a stimulus situation that he did not know before”

A

perceptual learning / insight learning

34
Q

proponent of perceptual learning / insight learning

A

Wolfgang Kohler

35
Q
  • Involves the perception of a stimulus that gives rise to
    the expectation that if a particular kind of behavior follows the perceived stimulus, another stimulus would appear.
  • It is learning “what leads to what”
A

sign learning

36
Q
  • A method of self-instruction consisting of frames (a series of short steps) and responses.
  • You work at your own rate.
A

programmed learning

37
Q

Brings together the behaviorist and cognitive principles by focusing on human learning as a continuous interaction between the individual and the social environment in which he/she lives

A

social cognitive learning

38
Q

proponent of social cognitive learning

A

Albert Bandura

39
Q

3 laws of learning

A
  1. The Law of Readiness
  2. The Law of Exercise
  3. The Law of Effect
40
Q

who postulated the “Laws of Learning”

A

Edward Thorndike

41
Q

this is universally accepted and applied to all kinds of learning.

A

laws of learning

42
Q

the law of readiness is also called the ____

A

“Law of Action Tendency”

43
Q
  • responses preceded by readiness are more satisfying than otherwise
  • primary law of learning
A

law of readiness

44
Q

2 sub-laws of law of readiness

A
  • Law of Mind-set
  • Law of Apperception (Herbart)
45
Q

this sub-law of the law of readiness pertains to the recognition of relationships between what is presented and existing body of knowledge

A

law of apperception

46
Q

this sub-law of the law of readiness has reference to the mental set of the learner at the time that the response is to be made

A

law of mindset

47
Q

law suggesting that the more a person practices something, the better he or she is able to retain that knowledge

A

law of exercise

48
Q

“practice makes perfect”

A

law of exercise

49
Q

5 sub-laws of the law of exercise

A
  1. Law of Association (Kant)
  2. Law of Use and Disuse (Gates)
  3. Law of Frequency and Recency
    (Watson)
  4. Law of Intensity (Carr)
  5. Law of Forgetting (Ebbinghaus)
49
Q

5 sub-laws of the law of exercise

A
  1. Law of Association (Kant)
  2. Law of Use and Disuse (Gates)
  3. Law of Frequency and Recency
    (Watson)
  4. Law of Intensity (Carr)
  5. Law of Forgetting (Ebbinghaus)
49
Q

5 sub-laws of the law of exercise

A
  1. Law of Association (Kant)
  2. Law of Use and Disuse (Gates)
  3. Law of Frequency and Recency
    (Watson)
  4. Law of Intensity (Carr)
  5. Law of Forgetting (Ebbinghaus)
50
Q

5 sub-laws of the law of exercise

A
  1. Law of Association (Kant)
  2. Law of Use and Disuse (Gates)
  3. Law of Frequency and Recency
    (Watson)
  4. Law of Intensity (Carr)
  5. Law of Forgetting (Ebbinghaus)
51
Q

sub-law of the law of exercise wherein:

the strength of any behavior or experience has a corresponding relation to learning

A

law of intensity (carr)

52
Q

sub-law of the law of exercise wherein:

an association which is practiced or used will be strengthened; not practiced or not used is weakened

A

law of use and disuse

53
Q

sub-law of the law of exercise wherein:

related to the law of disuse; the ability to reproduce or recollect what has been previously learned is in direct proportion to the opportunities to use

A

law of forgetting (ebbinghouse)

54
Q

sub-law of the law of exercise wherein:

learning occurs through the connection or functional relationships between two psychological phenomena established through experience or learning

A

law of association (Kant)

55
Q

sub-law of the law of exercise wherein:

the more an act of association is practiced, the more rapid the learning

A

law of frequency and recency (watson)

56
Q

law in which responses are followed by satisfying aftereffects tend to be learned and repeated

A

law of effect

57
Q

2 sub-laws of the law of effect

A
  1. law of primacy
  2. law of belongingness
58
Q

this sub-law of the law of effect suggests that acts or impressions first will be better remembered than acts
or impressions learned later

A

law of primacy

59
Q

sub-law of the law of effect wherein associations are easily formed if they belong into a unified frame of reference

A

law of belongingness

60
Q

4 theories of learning processes

A
  1. connectionism
  2. behaviorism
  3. functionalism
  4. gestalt / field theory
61
Q

assumes that through conditioning, specific responses come to be linked with specific stimuli

A

connectionism / s-r bond theory

62
Q
  • learning is a process of building conditioned reflexes through the substitution of one stimulus for another
  • denies the existence of instincts or inborn tendencies
A

behaviorism

62
Q

learning takes place through the reorganization of old terms permitting one to grasp-significant relationships in the new problem

A

gestalt / field theory

62
Q

behavior and mental processes are adaptive (functional)

A

functionalism

PSYC 201 (16 decks)

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