Learning Processes Flashcards
Learning is a more or less permanent modification of behavior which results from activity, special training, and observation
[learning in the objective of?]
Norman L. Munn
Learning is a concept describing changes in behavior, which results from reinforced practice
David C. Edwards
Learning is a relatively permanent change of behavior as the result of a practice
Ernest R. Hilgard and R. Atkinson
3 common concepts to the definitions of learning
- practice or past experiences
- changes in behavior which are relatively permanent
- the concept of reinforcement
general definition of learning
Learning is a process which brings relatively permanent change in the individual’s way of responding or behavior as a result of practice and experience.
3 factors of learning processes
- teachers
- students
- learning environment
7 steps in the learning process
- Motivation
- Goal
- Readiness
- Obstacle
- Responses
- Reinforcement
- Generalization
barrier that blocks our goals, in which its presence allows an individual to learn new modes of adjustments
obstacle
obstacles may be:
- Social
- Nonsocial
- Personal
- Internal
The application of what one has learned into an integrated response.
generalization
Behavior being purposive, is oriented towards a goal.
goal
this depends on training, experience, and heredity
readiness
3 factors that affects readiness
- Physiological Factors
- Psychological Factors
- Experiential Factors
Response to any particular stimulus will be directly proportional to the relative strength of his motive to reduce his tension associated with the unsatisfied need.
Motivation
Varied according to one’s interpretation of the situation
responses
2 categories of responses
- Direct Attack
- Manner of circumventing or
“going around the bush”
The strengthening of response by adding an increment of habit strength
reinforcement
responses are reinforced if they ____
satisfy one’s needs
2 major classification of learning and its types
● Associative learning
● Cognitive Learning
method or process wherein the learner associates a certain response to an object or a stimulus resulting in a positive or negative outcome. It links ideas to continually reinforce one another.
associative learning
4 types of associative learning
- Classical Conditioning (stimulus
substitution) - Operant Conditioning
- Escape and Avoidance Learning
- Multiple-response Learning
in associative learning, behavior is learned through ______
habit formation
type of passive learning with the method of substituting another stimulus for an original one to elicit a response
classical conditioning
type of active learning where the organisms must “operate on” or do something to the environment in order to produce a result
operant conditioning
Uses negative rather than positive types of reinforcement
escape and avoidance learning
this learning is the simplest form
classical conditioning
to get away from or to eliminate an unpleasant situation.
escape learning
learning to avoid or prevent an unpleasant situation before its occurrence
avoidance learning
learning involving more than one identifiable act, with the order of events usually fixed by the demands of the situation
multiple-response learning
in multiple-response learning, the learner should acquire ____ in mastering a task
patterns or sequences of responses
learning which involves perception and knowledge—cognitive processes necessary in order to learn with understanding.
cognitive learning
4 types of cognitive learning
- Perceptual learning
- Sign Learning
- Programmed Learning
- Social Cognitive Learning
“a solution to a problem suddenly appears, resulting in a change in perception wherein the learner comes to know something about a stimulus situation that he did not know before”
perceptual learning / insight learning
proponent of perceptual learning / insight learning
Wolfgang Kohler
- Involves the perception of a stimulus that gives rise to
the expectation that if a particular kind of behavior follows the perceived stimulus, another stimulus would appear. - It is learning “what leads to what”
sign learning
- A method of self-instruction consisting of frames (a series of short steps) and responses.
- You work at your own rate.
programmed learning
Brings together the behaviorist and cognitive principles by focusing on human learning as a continuous interaction between the individual and the social environment in which he/she lives
social cognitive learning
proponent of social cognitive learning
Albert Bandura
3 laws of learning
- The Law of Readiness
- The Law of Exercise
- The Law of Effect
who postulated the “Laws of Learning”
Edward Thorndike
this is universally accepted and applied to all kinds of learning.
laws of learning
the law of readiness is also called the ____
“Law of Action Tendency”
- responses preceded by readiness are more satisfying than otherwise
- primary law of learning
law of readiness
2 sub-laws of law of readiness
- Law of Mind-set
- Law of Apperception (Herbart)
this sub-law of the law of readiness pertains to the recognition of relationships between what is presented and existing body of knowledge
law of apperception
this sub-law of the law of readiness has reference to the mental set of the learner at the time that the response is to be made
law of mindset
law suggesting that the more a person practices something, the better he or she is able to retain that knowledge
law of exercise
“practice makes perfect”
law of exercise
5 sub-laws of the law of exercise
- Law of Association (Kant)
- Law of Use and Disuse (Gates)
- Law of Frequency and Recency
(Watson) - Law of Intensity (Carr)
- Law of Forgetting (Ebbinghaus)
5 sub-laws of the law of exercise
- Law of Association (Kant)
- Law of Use and Disuse (Gates)
- Law of Frequency and Recency
(Watson) - Law of Intensity (Carr)
- Law of Forgetting (Ebbinghaus)
5 sub-laws of the law of exercise
- Law of Association (Kant)
- Law of Use and Disuse (Gates)
- Law of Frequency and Recency
(Watson) - Law of Intensity (Carr)
- Law of Forgetting (Ebbinghaus)
5 sub-laws of the law of exercise
- Law of Association (Kant)
- Law of Use and Disuse (Gates)
- Law of Frequency and Recency
(Watson) - Law of Intensity (Carr)
- Law of Forgetting (Ebbinghaus)
sub-law of the law of exercise wherein:
the strength of any behavior or experience has a corresponding relation to learning
law of intensity (carr)
sub-law of the law of exercise wherein:
an association which is practiced or used will be strengthened; not practiced or not used is weakened
law of use and disuse
sub-law of the law of exercise wherein:
related to the law of disuse; the ability to reproduce or recollect what has been previously learned is in direct proportion to the opportunities to use
law of forgetting (ebbinghouse)
sub-law of the law of exercise wherein:
learning occurs through the connection or functional relationships between two psychological phenomena established through experience or learning
law of association (Kant)
sub-law of the law of exercise wherein:
the more an act of association is practiced, the more rapid the learning
law of frequency and recency (watson)
law in which responses are followed by satisfying aftereffects tend to be learned and repeated
law of effect
2 sub-laws of the law of effect
- law of primacy
- law of belongingness
this sub-law of the law of effect suggests that acts or impressions first will be better remembered than acts
or impressions learned later
law of primacy
sub-law of the law of effect wherein associations are easily formed if they belong into a unified frame of reference
law of belongingness
4 theories of learning processes
- connectionism
- behaviorism
- functionalism
- gestalt / field theory
assumes that through conditioning, specific responses come to be linked with specific stimuli
connectionism / s-r bond theory
- learning is a process of building conditioned reflexes through the substitution of one stimulus for another
- denies the existence of instincts or inborn tendencies
behaviorism
learning takes place through the reorganization of old terms permitting one to grasp-significant relationships in the new problem
gestalt / field theory
behavior and mental processes are adaptive (functional)
functionalism
